UC-NRLF 


Efl    DTD 


GIFT  OF 
Class    of   1887 


SECRETS 


REVEALED 


W.   S.   ROSS 


PRICE    #1.OO 


W.     S.     ROSS 

C:OI,Df3N-     Rl'I.E     Bril.DIN* 

»1O    STII.J.MAN-    STRRET 


SECRETS    REVEALED 


THE    KEY    TO 

HEALTH    AND    PROSPERITY 

FROM 

LEADING    PHYSICIANS    OF    THE    UNITED     STATES,    BERLIN 
LONDON    AND    VIENNA 


Recipes  for  Cook,  Farmer,  Artisan,  and  Business  Man 

Antidotes  for  Poisons,  Latin  Names  for  Drugs  in  English 

A  Fund  of  Useful  Facfts  for  Everybody 


COMPILED    AND    DISTRIBUTED 


BY 


WILLIAM    S.    ROSS 


PRICK      *1.OO 


GOLDEN  RULE: 

110  STir.r.MAN  STREET 
SAX  FRANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA 

1917 


<f*         •    '  '  •  • 

'     SS-'S'V,- 


- 


COPYRIGHT,  1917 

BY 
AM  S.  ROS.S 


PREFACE 


In  preparing  this  work  the  author  has  endeavored  to 
use  plain,  simple  language  comprehensible  to  all  classes. 
He  has  avoided  the  use  of  technical  terms  as  much  as  pos- 
sible. It  is  written  for  the  generality  of  people,  and  sup- 
plies a  need  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  appreciated  and 
understood  by  all  into  whose  hands  it  may  fall. 

The  best  authorities  of  this  country  and  of  Europe  have 
boon  consulted  and  the  information  herein  recorded  may  be 
absolutely  relied  upon. 

Many  of  the  recipes  have  been  purchased  at  consider- 
able expense,  and  will  be  found  of  much  value. 

It  is  a  work  which  will  be  found  to  assist  in  maintaining 
health,  and  prove  of  great  merit  in  combating  many  of  the 
ailments  so  common  to  humanity. 

There  is  nothing  written  in  any  part  of  the  book  that 
will  cause  objection,  and  it  can  be  put  in  the  hands  of  chil- 
dren with  the  assurance  that  it  will  re-suit  in  a  benefit. 

Its  object  is  to  educate  those  who  have  not  enjoyed  the 
advantages  of  special  study,  to  the  end  that  they  may  bo 
able  to  know  something  regarding  the  wonderful  temple 
composing  their  body,  and  be  armed  against  disease. 

It  is  not  intended  to  supplant  the  offices  of  the  physi- 
cian, but,  on  the  contrary,  to  assist  in  his  work,  and  to  be 
a  help  in  emergencies,  especially  to  those  who  are  not  in  a 
position  to  consult  professional  advice,  on  account  of  dis- 
tance, etc. 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  author  to  supply  information 
in  a  compact  form,  and  of  a  reliable  nature;  to  enable  the 
reader  to  save  money  in  the  purchase  of  drugs,  necessary 
in  all  households. 

Trusting  that  all  the  requirements  have  been  met  with, 
the  author  submits  the  work  to  the  public,  feeling  assured 
of  its  being  received  with  the  appreciation  expected. 

AUTHOB. 


93Q87O 


CONTENTS 

Preface  .  .   •> 

Introduction    5 

Anatomy    , 9 

The  Muscles 11 

The  Digestive  Organs 13 

The  Circulation  17 

The  Lungs   20 

The  Kidneys  and  Skin 22 

The  Nerves    24 

General  Eemarks  Appertaining  to  Health 27 

Common  Ills  and  Their  Remedies 31 

Poisons  and  Their  Antidotes 38 

Latin  and  English  Names  for  Drugs 41 

Formulas  of  Patent  Medicines 44 

Household  Recipes   47 

Useful   Information  51 


INTRODUCTION 


: 


It  is  loss  trouble,  and  much  cheaper,  to  preserve  health 
than  it  is  to  cure  disease.  A  great  many  of  the  ills  from 
which  humanity  suffers  can  be  avoided.  Many  of  us  vio- 
late a  law  of  nature  through  ignorance,  while  some,  in 
order  to  gratify  a  temporary  impulse,  deliberately  run  the 
risk  of  contracting  disease. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  we  may  at  times  escape 
immediate  punishment,  we  may  be  sure  that  Nature  exacts 
toll  for  disobedience  to  her  law,  and  sooner  or  later  we  will 
bo  called  to  account  for  infractions  thereof. 

The  brain  controls  to  a  great  extent  the  physical  being, 
hence  it  is  necessary  to  keep  the  mind  in  a  proper  condition 
if  we  wish  to  enjoy  good  health, 

It  is  true,  circumstances  often  compel  many  of  us  to 
face  danger;  our  environments  sometimes  are  such  that  we 
cannot  escape  exposure  to  disease,  yet  we  have  within  us 
the  power  to  mitigate  the  result.  Then  there  are  those  who 
have  unfortunately  come  under  the  ban  of  heredity,  and  in 
such  cases  extreme  care  is  necessary  in  order  to  overcome 
natural  tendencies.  Without  health  it  is  impossible  to 
enjoy  life,  and  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  guard  with 
jealous  care  every  avenue  by  which  it  may  escape.  We  can 
so  live  that  many  of  the  ills  from  which  humanity  suffers 
may  be  defied.  Nature  always  warns  when  we  tread  on 
dangerous  ground,  and  is  ever  ready  to  assist  us  to  retrace 
our  footsteps.  There  are  some  who  have  been  gifted  with 
strong  constitutions,  and  who  have  dissipated  for  a  number 
f  years  and  survived,  but  their  lives  have  not  been  one 
of  enjoyment;  they  have  simply  existed.  Prudence  requires 
that  we  should  be  moderate  in  all  things. 

Intemperance  soon  manifests  itself  in  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  the  unfortunate  transgressor,  and  exposes  his 
folly  to  the  world;  therefore  it  behooves  us  to  live  a  right, 
clean  life,  honest,  and  true  to  ourselves  and  fellow  man. 

The  law  of  nature  tends  to  the  casting  away  of  things 
useless,  and  building  up;  this  is  progress,  and  it  is  the  duty 
of  all  not  to  be  satisfied  with  imitating  others,  but  to  be. 
original.     Do  not  be  content  to  stand  still ;  go  ahead,  and 
do  not  wait  for  some  one  to  push  you  out  of  the  way.     Be 


6  SECRETS  REVEALED 

confident  hi  your;  awn  strength,  and  when,  after  reflection 
you  are  divide:,  <;<>  not  listen  to  opposition.  This  is  deter- 
mination. This  is  l!u-  material  of  which  men  are  made  who 
~r,<  vcrd  b  litV. 

Ambition  soon  wanes  in  a  diseased  body,  for  we  lose 
interest  in  all  things;  we  become  indifferent  to  results,  and 
drift  with  the  tide.  Hence  the  necessity  of  avoiding  every- 
thing conducive  to  illness,  and  living  a  clean  life,  void  of 
excesses. 

Our  bodies  are  made  up  of  minute  cells,  each  one  acting 
independently  of  each  other.  They  are  constantly  dying 
and  as  constantly  being  renewed.  They  possess  the 
peculiar  power  to  propagate,  as  the  necessity  requires,  by 
dividing  into  halves,  thus  maintaining  the  equilibrium  of 
the  body.  If,  for  instance,  any  part  of  the  body  receives  a 
wound,  many  of  the  cells  composing  the  part  are  destroyed 
and  must  be  replaced.  Nature  provides  this  arrangement 
by  automatic  action,  and  is  careful  in  not  exceeding  the 
demand. 

Certain  elements  of  the  blood  contain  the  required  mate- 
rial for  the  purpose,  provided  it  be  in  a  healthy  condition. 

There  are  many  different  kinds  of  cells  in  the  body, 
hence  the  blood  must  contain  all  the  elements  necessary  to 
the  different  parts  so  that  the  proper  selection  may  be 
made. 

As  the  blood  courses  through  the  arteries,  each  cell 
draws  from  it  the  sustenance  required.  The  muscles  re- 
move certain  constituents,  the  heart,  lungs,  brain  and  other 
organs  what  is  necessary  for  their  maintenance.  Should 
the  blood  be  deficient  in  lime,  the  bones  would  be  deprived 
of  support;  and  so  it  is  regarding  other  parts,  each  re- 
quires special  elements  in  order  to  maintain  its  peculiar 
character. 

Anatomy  teaches  us  the  names  of  the  different  parts  of 
the  body,  their  location  and  appearance. 

Physiology  informs  us  of  the  purpose  of  each  and  the 
manner  in  which  they  perform. 

And  that  science  which  teaches  us  knowledge  of  those 
things  which  are  harmful,  that  will  interfere  with  the 
proper  action  of  the  organs,  and  what  will  assist  in  func- 
tional exercise,  are  treated  of  in  Hygiene. 

That  part  of  the  body  made  up  of  a  combination  of 
cells,  and  which  can  be  separated  from  the  rest  as  an  entire 
body,  and  which  performs  a  particular  function,  is  called 
an  organ;  as,  the  liver,  kidneys,  heart,  etc,  A  system,  as 
it  is  called,  is  composed  of  organs  of  similar  construction, 


INTRODUCTION  7 

such  as  the  nerves,  arteries,  etc.  Those  organs  which, 
though  differently  constructed,  act  in  unison  for  a  particular 
purpose,  are  called  an  apparatus ;  such  as  the  stomach, 
pancreas,  liver,  etc.,  which  are  termed  the  digestive  appa- 
ratus. 

As  has  been  said  above,  each  cell  acts  independently  of 
the  others ;  it  possesses  life  in  itself,  and  its  death  has  no 
effect  on  other  cells.  Thousands  of  cells  die  daily ;  in  fact, 
life  and  death  follow  in  rapid  succession  throughout  our 
existence.  There  is  no  difference  in  appearance  between 
living  and  dead  cells;  one  is  simply  motionless. 

In  addition  to  knowledge  on  anatomy  and  physiology, 
the  work  embraces  many  other  subjects  of  interest  and 
value  to  all  classes,  such  as  recipes  for  the  compounding 
of  remedies  for  the  alleviation  of  common  ills,  household 
recipes  appertaining  to  the  culinary  department,  and  per- 
sonal requirements;  and  facts  useful  to  the  mechanic,  the 
farmer,  and  business  man. 

The  contents  are  applicable  to  all  walks  in  life,  gathered 
from  many  different  sources,  and  strictly  reliable.  The 
very  best  efforts  of  some  of  our  foremost  authorities  have 
been  selected  with  painstaking  care,  and  recorded  in  lan- 
guage so  plain  that  all  who  read  may  comprehend  and 
apply  the  principles  set  forth. 

tin  conclusion,  the  author  submits  the  result  of  his  labor 
o  the  public,  confident  of  its  ability  to  judge  and  appre- 
ciate its  merit. 

AUTHOR. 


SECRETS  REVE  A  LED 


FIG.   1.— The  Skeleton. 


CHAPTER  I 
ANATOMY 

THE  BONES.  There  are  two  hundred  distinct  bones  in 
the  human  skeleton  besides  the  teeth. 

Those  are  divided  into  those  of  the  head,  trunk,  upper 
and  lower  extremities.  The  bones  of  the  head,  of  which 
there  are  eight,  belong-  to  the  cranium,  and  the  face  con- 
tains fourteen.  The  internal  surface  of  the  cranium  pre- 
sents eminences  and  depressions  for  lodging  the  convolu- 
tions of  the  brain,  and  numerous  furrows  for  the  ramifica- 
tions of  the  blood  vessels. 

The  hones  of  the  cranium  are  united  to  one  another  by 
ragged  edges  called  Sutures,  which  are  quite  distinct  in  the 
child,  but  in  old  age  are  nearly  effaced. 

The  trunk  contains  fifty-four  bones.  The  Sternum,  or 
breast  bone,  commonly  so  called,  in  a  child  is  composed  of 
six  pieces,  in  the  adult  of  three,  which  in  old  age  are  con- 
solidated into  one.  There  are  twenty-four  ribs,  twelve  on 
ach  side,  which  are  attached  to  the  Spinal  Column;  the 
ast  four,  however,  are  attached  to  the  sternum  in  one 
bone.  The  spinal  column  contains  twenty-four,  called 
Vertebra1.  At  the  bottom  of  the  spinal  column  are  the 
Sacrum,  the  Coccyx,  and  two  called  the  Ossa  Innominata. 
There  is  another  bone  at  the  other  extremity,  at  the  base 
of  the  tongue,  which  is  the  most  isolated  bone  of  the  body; 
it  is  called  the  Os  Hyoides,  and  serves  as  an  attachment 
or  the  muscles  of  the  tongue. 

The  bones  of  the  spinal  column  are  so  formed  as  to 
admit  the  passage  of  the  spinal  cord,  and  between  each 
vertebra  is  a  highly  elastic,  cushion-like  substance,  which 
admits  free  motion  of  the  body.  The  curvatures  of  the 
spinal  column,  of  which  there  are  four,  serve  to  diminish 
the  shock  produced  by  falling,  running,  etc.  Were  it  not 
for  this  provision,  the  brain  would  be  exposed  to  a  great 
deal  of  injury.  The  Pelvis,  commonly  called  the  hip  bones, 
contains  the  several  lower  bones  of  the  spinal  column.  The 
innominata  during  youth  consist  of  three  separate  pieces 
on  each  side,  but  as  age  advances  they  coalesce  and  form 
one  hone;  a  deep  socket,  called  the  Acetabulum,  is  found 
near  their  junction,  which  servos  as  a  receptacle  for  the 
'ead  of  the  thigh  bone. 

The  bones  of  the  upper  extremity  are  sixty-four  in 
umber,  and  are  classified  as  follows:  The  Scapula,  Clavi- 


10  SECRETS  REVEALED 

cle,  Humems,  Tina,  Radius,  Carpus,  Metacarpus,  and 
Phalanges. 

The  scapula,  or  shoulder  blade,  is  situated  at  the  back 
part  of  the  shoulder,  and  attached  to  the  back  and  upper 
part  of  the  chest.  The  clavicle,  or  collar  bone,  is  situated 
at  the  upper  part  of  the  chest,  between  the  sternum  and 
the  scapula,  and  connects  with  both;  it  prevents  the  arms 
from  sliding  forward. 

The  humerus,  the  first  bone  of  the  arm,  is  situated  be- 
tween the  scapula  and  the  forearm,  which  contains  two 
bones,  the  ulna  and  radius,  the  ulna  being  situated  on  the 
inner  side  and  the  radius  on  the  outer  side  of  the  forearm. 

The  Carpus,  or  wrist,  is  composed  of  eight  bones  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows.  The  metacarpus,  or  palm  of  the 
hand,  is  composed  of  five  bones,  situated  between  the  car- 
pus and  fingers.  The  phalanges,  fourteen  in  number,  are 
the  bones  of  the  fingers  and  thumb,  the  fingers  each  having 
three,  and  the  thumb  two  bones. 

The  bones  of  the  lower  extremities,  sixty-five  in  number, 
are  classed  as  follows:  The  Femur,  Patella,  Tibia,  Fibula, 
Tarsus,  Metatarsus,  and  Phalanges. 

The  femur,  or  thigh  bone,  is  the  longest  in  the  body;  it 
has  a  large,  round  head,  which  is  received  into  the  acetabu- 
lum,  forming  a  ball  .and  socket  joint. 

The  patella,  or  knee-pan,  is  the  most  complicated  articu- 
lation in  the  whole  body;  it  serves  a  very  important  pur- 
pose, as  it  is  a  protection  to  the  joint  and  increases  the 
leverage  of  the  muscles  attached  to  it. 

The  tibia,  or  shin  bone,  lies  on  the  inside  of  the  lower 
limb,  while  the  fibula  is  situated  on  the  outer  side  and 
parallel  to  it. 

The  tarsus,  or  instep,  is  composed  of  seven  bones,  and 
corresponds  to  the  carpus  of  the  upper  extremities.  The 
metatarsus,  the  middle  of  the  foot,  bears  a  close  resem- 
blance to  the  metacarpus,  and  consists  of  five  bones  situ- 
ated between  the  tarsus  and  phalanges.  The  phalanges, 
the  toes,  consist  of  fourteen  bones,  arranged  in  a  manner 
similar  to  those  of  the  fingers. 

Cartilage  is  softer  than  bone,  and  ligaments  are  softer 
than  cartilage;  their  function  is  to  bind  the  bones  together. 

The  Synovial  membrane,  which  covers  the  cartilages, 
secretes  a  lubricating  fluid,  which  enables  the  bones  and 
ligaments  to  move  freely  upon  each  other;  when  this  fluid 
is  secreted  in  excess,  it  produces  a  disease  known  as 
Dropsy  of  the  joints.  All  the  bones  and  their  accessories 
are  abundantly  supplied  with  nerves  and  veins. 


CHAPTER  IT 

THE  MUSCTVKS 

There  are  about  five  hundred  muscles  in  the  human 
body.  They  are  those  organs  by  which  motion  is  produced, 
and  are  commonly  known  as  flesh.  A  muscle  is  composed 


Fro.   2. — The  Muscular  Svstein. 


lies  of  fibers,  parallel  to  each  oilier,  and  terminate 
is  called  Tendon,  which  is  attached  to  the  bone  so 


1-  SECRETS  KEVEALED 

firmly  that  the  bone  will  break  before  the  tendon  will  give 
way.  The  muscles  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  volun- 
tary and  the  involuntary;  there  are  some,  however,  which 
cannot  properly  be  classed  with  either,  termed  intermediate. 

The  voluntary  muscles  are  chiefly  controlled  by  the  will ; 
they  are  of  a  different  color  than  the  others,  and  stronger. 
The  involuntary  muscles  are  influenced  by  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, and  their  action  pertains  to  the  nutritive  function  of 
the  body;  they  differ  from  the  voluntary  muscles  in  the 
net-work  arrangement  of  their  fibers.  The  intermediate 
muscles,  which  control  respiration,  are  both  voluntary  and 
involuntary;  for,  while  we  may  suspend  breathing  for  a 
short  while,  the  organic  muscles  will  assert  their  instinct- 
ive control.  The  voluntary  muscles  are  well  supplied  with 
nerves,  while  the  involuntary  are  not  so  numerously  fur- 
nished. The  color  of  a  muscle  is  due  to  the  blood  contained 
therein. 

Muscle  is  capable  of  great  contraction  and  expansion, 
and  if  not  carried  to  extremes,  exercise  will  add  much  to 
their  bulk. 


CHAPTER  TTT 
THE  DIGESTIVE  ORGANS 

Digestion  signifies  the  act  of  separating  or  distributing, 
hence  its  application  to  the  process  by  which  food  is  made 
available  for  nutritive  purposes.  The  organs  of  digestion 
are  mouth,  tongue,  teeth,  salivary  glands,  pharynx,  esopha- 
gus, and  the  stomach  and  intestines,  with  their  glands,  the 
liver,  pancreas,  lacteals  and  the  thoracic  duct. 

«As  the  teeth  play  an  important  part  in  the  process  of 
igestion,  it  is  necessary  to  preserve  them  as  much  as  pos- 
sible by  keeping  them  free  from  all  agents  that  tend  to 
impair  their  vitality.  The  introduction  of  very  hot  or  cold 
materials,  the  using  of  gritty  substances  for  cleansing,  are 
all  highly  injurious. 

The  salivary  glands  are  six  in  number,  three  on  each 
side  of  the  mouth,  which  secretes  the  saliva,  a  fluid  which 
moistens  the  food,  and  forms  part  of  the  ingredients  which 
are  necessary  to  digestion.  The  Parotid,  which  is  the  larg- 
est of  the  salivary  glands,  is  located  in  front  of  and  below 
the  ear.  The  Submaxillary  lies  midway  between  the  angle 
of  the  lower  jaw  and  the  middle  of  the  chin.  The  Sub- 
lingual  lies  just  below  the  tongue. 

The  pharynx  is  the  upper  part  of  the  throat,  and  of 
which  the  esophagus  is  a  continuation  leading  down  to  the 
stomach.  At  the  beginning  of  the  esophagus  is  the  epiglot- 
tis, which  lies  at  the  top  of  the  windpipe,  which  leads  to 
the  lungs;  it  is  composed  of  cartilage,  and  serves  the  pur- 
pose of  a  valve  to  close  the  opening  of  the  tube  called  the 
Larynx,  which  leads  into  the  lungs.  The  epiglottis  oper- 
ates involuntarily,  and  prevents  food  from  entering  the 
lungs. 

The  epiglottis  is  situated  in  front  of  the  pharynx. 
There  is  a  partition  called  the  Diaphragm,  which  is  com- 
posed of  cartilage,  that  separates  the  organs  of  the  chest 
from  the  stomach  and  intestines ;  it  is  of  the  shape  of  a 
basin  with  the  concave  side  down;  there  are  openings  in  it 
to  admit  the  passage  of  the  esophagus  and  arteries,  veins, 
etc.  The  stomach  is  capable  of  great  distention  to  accom- 
modate the  amount  of  its  contents.  It  is  of  pear  shape, 
and  is  situated  obliquely  in  reference  to  the  body,  its  base 
lying  at  the  left  side,  while  the  apex  is  directed  toward 


SECRETS  REVEALED 


OESOPHAGUS 


the  right;  it  has  two  openings,  one  on  top,  by  which  the 
esophagus  enters,  and  the  other  at  the  small  end,  from 
which  the  food  passes  into  the  small  intestine.  At  this 
opening  is  a  small  valve,  called  the  Pyloric  valve,  which 
opens  outward,  and  prevents  food  from  re-entering  the 
stomach.  The  stomach  contains  the  glands  called  Gastric, 
which  secrete  the  gastric  juice,  which,  mixed  with  the  food, 
aids  in  the  process  of  digestion. 

The  stomach  possesses 
the  peculiarity  of  what  is 
termed  the  peristaltic 
movement.  It  is  a  sort  of 
wave  -  like  movement  im- 
parted by  certain  muscles, 
which  thoroughly  mixes 
the  food  before  passing  it 
out.  The  first  part  of  the 
small  intestine  is  called 
the  Duodenum.  At  about 
the  middle  of  it,  and  six 
inches  or  so  from  the 
stomach,  the  duct  that 
conveys  the  bile  and  pan- 
creatic juice  enters.  The 
succeeding  portion  of  the 
intestine  is  divided  into 
the  Jejunum  and  Ileum, 
though  there  is  no  partic- 
ular difference  in  them. 
The  ileum  is  the  last  part 
of  the  small  intestine,  and 
where  it  opens  into  the 
large  intestine  there  is  a 
valve  called  the  Ileocecal, 
which,  like  the  pyloric, 
opens  outward,  thus  pre- 
venting the  contents  from  returning  to  the  small  intestine. 
There  is  a  like  movement  of  the  intestines  as  obtains  in 
the  stomach,  which  moves  the  contents  onward  to  the  point 
of  exit  from  the  body. 

The  process  of  digestion  is  carried  on  throughout  the 
length  of  the  small  intestine,  and  part  of  the  large  one; 
combined,  they  are  about  twenty-five  feet  in  length. 

The  large  intestine  is  known  as  the  Colon;  it  ascends 
on  the  right  side,  called  the  ascending  colon;  crosses  to  the 
left  side,  called  the  transverse,  and  descends  on  the  left 


FIG.  3. — The  Stomach  and  Intestines. 


THE  DIGESTIVE  ORGANS  15 

side,  which  is  called  the  descending  colon.  Close  to  and 
below  where  the  small  intestine  enters  lies  the  Vermiform 
Appendix,  which  gives  rise  to  that  now  common  disease 
called  Appendicitis. 

There  are  certain  absorbent  vessels  in  the  large  intes- 
tine that  take  up  the  balance  of  the  nutrients  that  have 
escaped  the  action  of  the  absorbents  in  the  small  intestine 
and  distribute  them  to  the  blood. 

The  liver  is  the  largest  organ  in  the  body,  and  in  an 
adult  weighs  about  four  pounds;  it  is  located  chiefly  on  the 
right  side,  immediately  below  the  diaphragm;  it  has  two 
lobes,  the  right  one  being  four  times  larger  than  the  left. 
In  the  lower  surface  lies  the  Gall  Bladder,  which  contains 


IG.   4. — Under  Surface  of  the  L,iver. 

lie  Di le,  a  fluid  which  serves  the  purpose  of  lubricating  the 
intestines  and  also  as  an  aid  to  digestion. 

The  liver  performs  another  very  important  office  in 
extracting  wasie  matter  from  the  blood,  and  depositing  it 
in  the  intestine. 

The  Pancreas  is  a  much  smaller  organ  than  the  liver, 
weighing  about  three  ounces;  it  secretes  the  fluid  called 
pancreatic,  which  is  similar  in  character  to  the  saliva,  and 
important  in  the  process  of  digestion. 

Ipleen,  of  which  little  is  accurately  known,  lies  a 
little  to  the  left  of  the  pancreas.  It  secretes  a  fluid,  but 
what  effect  it  has  on  digestion  is  problematical;  it  is  sup- 
posed to  exert  a  certain  influence  on  the.  blood. 


Ifi  SECRETS  REVEALED 

There  is  a  constant  waste  of  the  body,  and  it  is  neces- 
sary to  repair  it,  hence  we  eat. 

The  food  taken  into  the  stomach  must  be  converted  into 
blood  before  it  can  be  transferred  to  the  tissues,  and  as  we 
have  seen,  this  is  accomplished  by  digestion. 

It  is  from  the  blood,  which  goes  to  every  part  of  the 
body,  that  restoration  proceeds,  and  in  order  to  preserve 
health  the  blood  must  be  pure;  and  if  the  different  organs 
fail  in  performing  their  function,  or  some  substance  is 
introduced  that  they  cannot  neutralize,  illness  follows,  and 
it  becomes  necessary  to  resort  to  medicine  to  restore  them 
to  their  normal  condition. 

The  body  is  composed  of  different  chemical  substances, 
and  the  food  must  contain  elements  of  which  the  body  is 
deficient.  Therefore  one  kind  of  food  is  not  sufficient; 
there  must  be  a  variety. 

An  ordinary  healthy  man  passes  out  of  his  bowels  daily, 
on  an  average,  five  ounces  of  material,  a  large  portion  of 
which  is  fluid. 

The  kidneys  pass  out  about  fifty-six  ounces;  the  skin, 
about  twenty-five  ounces,  and  the  lungs  about  thirty-four 
ounces.  This  waste  must  be  restored  or  the  body  will 
waste  away. 

The  chief  waste  is  from  the  kidneys,  and  is  a  substance 
called  urea,  which  is  composed  of  four  elements:  carbon, 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen. 

These  four  elements  represent  the  consumption  that 
has  been  going  on  in  the  body  to  produce  the  force  neces- 
sary to  sustain  life. 

The  purpose  of  food,  then,  is  to  restore  an  amount  of 
the  four  elements  equal  to  that  used  up;  to  repair  the 
waste. 

Absorption  is  the  vital  function  by  which  nutritive  ma- 
terial is  selected  and  imbibed  for  the  sustenance  of  the 
body.  This  is  accomplished  by  what  is  termed  the  Villi  of 
the  intestines,  which  are  small,  hair-like  bodies  with  which 
the  intestines  are  lined.  Through  their  agency  the  food, 
after  having  gone  through  the  change  of  condition  by  the 
action  of  the  fluids  of  the  stomach,  liver,  pancreas,  etc.,  is 
conveyed  by  an  intricate  process  to  the  blood,  whose  ves- 
sels also  act  as  an  absorbent. 


CHAPTER  IV 


THE   CIRCULATION 

The  blood  is  the  life-giving  principle  of  the  body,  and 
from  it  repairment  is  made.  The  total  amount  in  the  body 
differs;  in  a  healthy  person  it  is  about  one-thirteenth  of 
the  weight  of  the  body.  It  has  four  constituents:  fibrin, 
albumen,  and  salts.  There  are  two  kinds  of  corpuscles,  the 
red  and  the  white. 

The  blood   that  flows 
:hrough  the  veins  is  of 

dark  red,  while  that 
of  the  arteries  is  much 
lighter  in  color.  The 
reason  of  this  is  the 
corpuscles  contain  both 
o  x  y  g  e  n  and  carbon  it- 
acid  in  solution.  When 
carbonic  acid  predomi- 
nates, as  it  does  in  the 
veins,  it  is  caused  by 
the  action  of  the  blood 
in  its  course  through 
the  body  in  taking  up 
t  h  e  waste  properties. 
The  blood  is  carried  on 
to  the  lungs,  which  pur- 
ify it,  and  is  t  li  e  n 
pushed  on  to  the  heart, 
w  h  i  c  h  pumps  it  on 
again  through  the  body. 
The  circulation  of  the 
blood  is  carried  on  by 
the  heart,  arteries,  and 
veins.  The  blood  leaves 
the  heart  through  com- 
paratively large  tubes, 
which  grow  smaller  and  smaller,  ending  at  the  extremities 
of  the  body  in  what  are  termed  Capillaries,  so  small  as  to 
be  invisible  to  the  naked  eye. 

The  blood  may  be  sufficient  in  quantity,  but  deficient  in 
quality.  Some  particular  element  may  be  lacking;  for  in- 
stance, the  disease  known  as  Scurvy  is  due  to  absence  from 
the  blood  of  certain  salts,  or  citric  acid;  or  some  substance 


FIG.    5. — The  Circulation. 


S  FA 'RETS  REVEALED 


of  a  poisonous  nature  may  he  present.  The  liver  may  have 
failed  in  its  work  to  extract  certain  substances;  or  some 
material  may  have  gained  entrance  by  the  food,  or  air, 
and  in  other  ways,  to  vitiate  the  quality  of  the  blood  arid 
impair  its  value  as  nourishment. 

The  tissues  not  only  remove  from  the  blood  what  they 
require,  but  transfer  to  it  the  waste  products  of  their 
activity;  therefore  as  fresh  blood  must  be  supplied,  it  must 
carry  away  in  turn  the  im- 
purities. In  order  that  the 
b  ]  o  o  d  may  be  propelled 
through  the  arteries  and 
veins,  there  must  be  some 
organ  to  act  in  this  capacity, 
and  such  office  is  performed 
by  the  heart.  The  heart  is 
about  the  size  of  one's  fist, 
and  is  situated  a  little  to 
the  left  of  the  center  of  the 
chest.  It  is  of  a  conical 
shape,  the  base  directed  up- 
ward and  backward  toward 
the  right  side,  while  the 
point  is  down  and  forward. 
It  possesses  four  compart- 
ments, or  chambers;  the  two 
upper  ones  are  called  Aur- 
icles, and  the  two  lower 
ones  Ventricles.  There  are 
valves  which  guard  the  opening  to  the  ventricle  from  the 
auricle,  but  there  is  no  communication  between  the  right 
and  left  sides. 

To  make  it  clear,  we  will  follow"  the  course  of  the  blood 
from  the  heart,  beginning  at  the  right  side.  The  blood  is 
entering  the  right  auricle  from  the  upper  and  lower  Vena 
Cavas,  as  they  are  called,  and  when  it  is  filled  the  pressure 
causes  it  to  flow  into  the  right  ventricle,  which  already 
contains  a  supply  of  blood,  and  is  considerably  larger  than 
the  auricle.  The  Tri cuspid  valve  prevents  the  return  of 
the  blood  to  the  auricle,  and  as  the  ventricle  is  filled  it 
contracts  and  part  of  the  blood  is  forced  out  through  the 
valve  at  the  opening  of  the  Pulmonary  artery,  which  opens 
outward,  and  closes  at  each  beat  of  the  ventricle,  thus  pre- 
venting the  return  of  the  blood. 

The  blood  is  forced  on  through  the  pulmonary  artery 
to  the  lungs,  where  the  air  which  those  organs  contain 


Fro.   6.— The  Course  of  the  Blood 
through  the  Heart. 


THE  CIRCULATION  10 

purifies  it,  and  it  is  sent  back  to  the  left  auricle  of  the 
heart  through  the  pulmonary  vein.  From  the  left  auricle 
the  blood  passes  to  the  left  ventricle,  and  from  there  it  is 
pumped  into  the  Aorta,  an  artery.  As  the  blood  passes 
through  the  aorta  it  is  distributed  throughout  the  body 
through  many  different  channels  branching  out  from  it ; 
these  channels  grow  smaller  and  smaller  and  finally  merge 
into  a  net- work  of  minute  capillaries.  This  is  where  the 
change  of  arterial  to  venous  blood  takes  place,  and  the 
beginning  of  the  veins,  which  are  practically  a  continua- 
tion of  the  arteries.  The  blood  is  then  carried  through 
many  different  channels,  which  grow  larger  and  larger, 
and  finally  unite  into  two  large  veins  called  the  Vena 
Cavas,  which  lead  to  the  right  auricle  of  the  heart,  and 
the  blood  has  completed  the  circuit  of  the  body. 

All  of  the  blood  passes  through  the  heart  in  less  than 
three  minutes.  The  arteries  carry  the  blood  from  the 
heart,  while  the  veins  carry  it  to  it. 

Human  blood  differs  from  any  other  animal,  and  can 
readily  be  distinguished. 

The  heart  is  capable  of  exerting  force  enough  to  raise 
the  blood  to  a  height  of  six  feet,  and  six  ounces  of  the  fluid 
are  expelled  from  the  ventricle  at  each  pulsation. 

The  arteries  are  usually  found  empty  after  death,  while 
the  veins  remain  full. 

There  are  valves  at  intervals  throughout  the  veins, 
which  prevent  the  blood  from  flowing  backward. 

There  are  a  set  of  vessels  called  Lymphatics,  which  are 
necessary  to  the  nourishment  of  the  body.  The  watery 
parts  of  food  containing  sugar,  salts,  etc.,  can  be  taken  up 

*'  the  blood  capillaries,  but  the  fats  cannot. 
In  the  small  intestine  fat  is  acted  upon  by  the  bile  and 
pancreatic  juice,  and  as  a  result  of  that  action  the  fat  no 
longer  floats  in  large  globules  among  the  food,  but  is  made 
into  a  milk-like  mixture,  called  Chyle.  This  chyle  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  contents  of  the  intestinal  canal  by  the  small 
vilM,  already  referred  to,  and  sucked  up  into  the  Laeteals, 
which  spread  out  all  over  the  body.  The  material  that 
outers  the  lacteals  is  conveyed  to  what  is  called  the  Mesen- 
tery, a  net-work  of  vessels  located  in  the  back  part  of  the 
body,  and  to  which  the  intestines  are  attached.  Among 
the  meshes  of  the  mesentery  are  numerous  lymphatic 
glands,  which  are  about  the  size  of  an  almond;  here  the 
chyle  undergoes  a  change  and  is  then  carried  along  to  the 
root  of  the  neck  through  the  Thoracic  duct,  and  is  conveyed 
thence  to  the  Jiunilar  vein. 


CHAPTER  V 


THE  LUNGS 

The  lungs  occupy  with  the  heart  the  upper  part  of  the 
chest.  They  are  of  a  very  spongy  nature,  and  capable  of 
being  compressed  into  a  small  space,  or  of  being  greatly 
distended.  Into  the  tissues  of  the  lungs  run  a  great  num- 
ber of  small  tubes  called  Bronchial  tubes.  These  tubes  as 
they  enter  the  tissue  grow  smaller  and  smaller,  and  end 
in  a  spongy  mass  of  minute  sacs,  upon  whose  outer  walls 
area  net  -  work  of 
blood  capillaries. 
When  the  air  we 
breathe  enters  the 
little  sacs  of  the 
lungs,  the  oxygen  it 
contains  passes 
through  t  h  e  i  r  thin 
walls  into  the  blood, 
while  the  carbonic 
acid,  which  is  in  the 
blood,  is  given  back 
in  exchange,  and  it 
goes  out  with  the 
breath  exhaled.  The 
body  would  soon  die 
if  deprived  of  oxy- 
gen, hence  the  neces- 
sity of  pure  air.  It 
would  be  impossible 
for  a  person  to  com- 
mit suicide  by  refus- 
ing to  breathe,  for 
the  involuntary  mus- 
cles would  prove 
stronger  than  his 
will;  yet  he  could  starve  himself  to  death  by  refusing 
to  eat. 

The  diaphragm,  previously  spoken  of,  plays  a  very  im- 
portant part  in  respiration,  as  it  is  one  of  the  muscles  that 
controls  the  lungs,  in  addition  to  being  a  partition  between 
the  chest  and  abdomen. 

To  illustrate  the  necessity  of  fresh  air,  I  will  relate  a 
story  of  facts  that  occurred  on  board  of  one  of  the  ocean 


FIG.   7. — The  Lungs. 

A.  Wind  Pipe 

B.  Left  Bronchial  Tube. 

C.  Right 

D.  Branches  of 


THE  LUNGS 


21 


steamers,  the  Londonderry,  in  the  year  of  1848,  on  her 
passage  from  Liverpool  to  America. 

On  account  of  stormy  weather,  the  captain  ordered  the 
passengers  below  into  the  hold;  the  hatches  were  closed, 
and  in  the  morning  seventy-two  dead  bodies  were  found, 
while  the  balance  were  in  a  state  of  collapse. 

The  poisonous  matter  exhaled  from  the  lungs  is  so 
deadly  that  if  a  small  portion  be  injected  beneath  the  skin 
of  a  rabbit,  it  would  result  in  death. 

Connected  with  the  function  of  respiration  is  the  voice, 
an  organ  called  the  Larynx,  so  prominent  in  the  throat  of 
some  persons,  and  commonly  called  the  Adam's  apple. 

The  Glottis,  as  it  is  properly  termed,  is  bounded  on 
each  side  by  the  edges  of  thin,  elastic,  membranous  folds 
called  the  Vocal  cords.  The  pitch  of  the  voice  is  regulated 
by  these  cords;  the  shorter  or  tighter  these  cords  are,  the 
higher  will  be  the  pitch. 


CHAPTER  VI 


THE  KIDNEYS  AND  SKTX 


The  main  work  of  the  kidneys  is  to  extract  urea  from 
(he  blood;  they  also  extract  a  large  quantity  of  water. 
The  excretion  passes  down  through  a  tube  that  lends 
from  each  kidney,  called  the  ureters,  to  the  bladder,  and 
thence  from  the  body.  It 
amounts  to  about  three 
pints  daily.  The  kidneys 
are  of  a  bean  shape,  and 
about  four  inches  in 
length  and  two  in  thick- 
ness. They  are  composed 
of  numerous  small  tubes 
m  a  d  e  up  of  tiny  cells, 
which  unite  and  open  up 
in  a  pocket  on  the  side  of 
the  kidney,  from  whence 
the  contents  are  carried 
to  the  bladder.  The 
amount  of  material  se- 
c  r  e  t  e  d  by  the  kidneys 
varies  in  accordance  to 
the  amount  of  water  con- 
sumed, and  the  external 
temperature;  also  to  the 
extent  of  exercise  in- 
dulged in.  The  skin  and 
kidneys  co-operate  to  this 
extent  :  if  considerable 
water  is  removed  in  the 
shape  of  sweat  by  the 
skin,  less  is  expelled  by 
the  kidneys.  In  cold 
weather  the  skin  is  less 
active,  and  a  greater 
quantity  is  thrown  on  the 

kidneys.  Nervous  disorders  also  affect  the  quantity.  The 
function  of  the  bladder  is  to  collect  and  retain  the  urine 
until  a  certain  quantity  is  collected  and  then  to  expel  it  in 
a  stream.  The  urine  enters  the  bladder  drop  by  drop,  and 
is  passed  off  at  will.  There  is  a  muscle  at  the  base  of  the 
bladder  called  the  Sphincter,  which  prevents  its  contents 
from  returning  to  the  ureters. 


FIG.  8.— Vertical  Section  through 
Kidney. 

1,  2,  3  and  4,  Absorbents. 

5,  Points  of  Absorbents. 

6,  Columns. 

7,  Urinal  Reservoir. 

8,  Ureter  to  Bladder. 


THE  KIDNEYS  AXD  SKTN 


2:-'. 


There  are  few  parts  of  the  body  more  actively  engaged 
than  the  skin  in  removing  waste  material  from  the  system. 
It  consists  of  two  layers,  the  Cutis  vera,  or  true  skin,  and 
the  Epidermis,  or  cuticle.  The  true  skin  is  composed  of 
fibers,  which  are  more  densely  woven  near  the  surface 
than  deeper  in  the  structure.  Upon  the  external  surface 
are  little  conical  prominences  known  as  Papille,  and  are 
irregularly  distributed  throughout  the  body,  being  more 
numerous  at  the  ends  of  the  fingers.  Although  all  parts 
of  the  skin  are  sensitive,  the  papille  are  extremely  so. 
p]ach  papille  contains  not  only  a  minute  artery  and  vein, 
but  also  a  loop  of  nerves.  They  are  easily  noticed  in  what 
is  termed  goose-flesh.  The  skin  contains,  in  addition, 
numerous  lymphatic  vessels,  so  minute  as  to  be  invisible 
to  the  naked  eye. 

Winding  in  and  out  over  the  true  skin  are  the  Sudorif- 
erous glands,  which  secrete  the  perspiration,  and  whose 
office  is  two-fold;  they  remove  noxious  matter  from  the 
system  and  diminish  animal  heat,  and  thereby  equalize  the 
temperature  of  the  body. 

The  cuticle  being  destitute  of  nerves  and  blood  vessels, 
is  not  sensitive.  It  consists  of  horny  scales,  which  are 
continually  dropping  off,  new  ones  being  supplied  by  the 
true  skin  below. 


CHAPTEB  VII 

THE   NERVES 

The  latest  scientific  definition  of  life  is  nerve  force. 
This  is  the  form  of  energy  that  gives  to  the  body  power 
of  thought  and  action.  It  is  the  absence  of  this  energy 
that  transmutes  what  was  at  one  moment  an  active,  vital 
machine  into  an  inert,  lifeless  form.  Although  no  visible 
change  has  taken  place,  the  heart  has  ceased  to  beat;  the 
blood  no  longer  flows  through  the  veins  to  nourish,  develop 
and  sustain,  and  all  the  other  organs  have  ceased  their 
labor.  What  has  caused  this  marvelous  change?  What 
is  the  element  in  the  living  that  is  absent  in  the  dead! 

There  is  no  secret  in  the  framework  of  bone,  held  to- 
gether by  sinews  and  muscles;  nor  in  its  covering  of  flesh; 
nor  in  the  system  of  organs  within  this  frame,  or  in  the 
several  duties  they  perform.  The  energy  that  gives  them 
life,  what  is  it?  Nerve  force.  It  is  an  indefinable  form 
of  energy  that  is  generated  in  the  cells  of  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord,  and  sent  out  through  the  system  of  nerves  to 
give  power  to  the  organs,  as  electricity  is  sent  out  through 
wires  to  furnish  light,  power,  and  heat.  The  nerves  are 
divided  into  two  grand  divisions,  the  Cerebro-Spinal,  and 
the  Sympathetic  or  Gangl ionic.  The  first  control  all  of 
our  voluntary  acts,  while  the  second  act  automatically, 
which  control  the  action  of  the  heart,  digestive  organs, 
kidneys,  etc.  The  cerebro-spinal  nerves  preside  over  the 
animal  functions,  while  the  office  of  the  ganglionic  nerves 
is  to  regulate  nutrition. 

While  these  two  systems  are  anatomically  distinct, 
there  is  more  or  less  intimate  connection  between  them, 
and  because  of  this  relationship  influences  that  affect  one 
will  act  upon  the  other,  as,  for  example,  the  heart,  over 
which  we  possess  no  will  power,  will  be  agitated  through 
fear  and  other  emotions.  The  nerves,  like  the  blood  ves- 
sels and  lacteal s,  form  a  net-work  over  the  surface  of  the 
whole  body,  and  no  part  can  be  touched  without  coming  in 
contact  with  them. 

The  nerves  have  their  origin  in  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord,  and  both  sets  have  the  same  covering,  and  run 
parallel  to  ea'ch  other. 

\Ve  will  have  to  discuss  the  brain,  now,  in  order  to 
understand  the  nerves  better.  The  brain  is  divided  into 


THE 


three  distinct  departments:  the  Cerebrum,  which  occupies 
the  to])  and  front  of  the  skull,  and  part  of  the  back,  and 
the  Cerebellum,  in  the  back;  then,  just  below,  the  Medulla 
Oblongata.  The 
brain  contains 
two  kinds  of  tis- 
s  n  e  ,  one  gray 
and  the  other 
white.  It  is  the 
function  of  the 
gray  matter  to 
receive  the  im- 
pressions, a  n  d 
to  formulate 
ideas  and  com- 
mands, while  the 
white  matter, 
which  is  thread- 
like in  structure, 
is  to  carry  them 
to  the  required 
point.  The  gray 
matter  may  be* 
likened  to  t  h  o 
battery  which 
generates,  a  n  d 
the  white  matter 
to  the  wires  that 
convey  the  elec- 
tricity. The  ce- 
rebrum is  the 
organ  of  mind, 
where  the  intel- 
1 e  c  t  is,  a  n  d 
where  all  volun- 
tary motion  and 
acts  have  their 
origin.  It  is  the 
largest  division 

of   the    brain,    be-  Fuv-   9. —  The  Nervous  System. 

ing    three    times 

larger  than  the  other  two  combined.  The  function  of  the 
cerebellum,  which  is  of  the  same  structure,  is  to  preside 
over  the  co-ordination  of  muscular  motion.  The  medulla 
oblon'gata  is  the  gradually  changing  connection  between 
the  brain  and  the  spinal  cord,  and  while  not  endowed  with 


SECRETS  REVEALED 


A- 


the  intellectual  faculties  or  possibilities  of  the  cerebrum, 
it  is  the  center  of  life,  because  from  it  originate  the" nerves 
which  control  many  of  the  vital  functions.  The  spinal  cord 
is  a  continuation  of  this  part  of  the  brain,  and  in  its  course 
it  is  continually  sending  off  nerves  to  different  parts  of 
the  body.  The  nerves,  like  the  wires  of  the  electric  ma- 
chine, must  form  a  complete  circuit.  It  must  have  means 
to  return  to  the 
seat  of  generation. 
Throughout  t  h  e 
body  are  small 
sacs,  which  come 
under  the  control 
of  the  ganglionic 
nerves ;  in  fact,  are 
a  part  of  them. 
They  are  practic- 
ally small  brains, 
and  act  locally,  so 
to  speak.  If  food 

be  introduced  into  //  f/^  E 

t  h  e  stomach,  an 
impression  is  made 
on  a  nerve  in  the 
walls  of  that  or- 
gan, and  it  acts  on 
the  food  at  the 
command  of  the 
little  sac.  This  im- 
pression is  not 
carried  to  the 
b  rain,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  volun- 
tary nerves,  for  we  have  no  direct  power  to  change  its 
action.  To  sum  up,  the  function  of  all  the  organs  directed 
by  the  will  are  controlled  by  the  cerebro-spinal,  and  those 
over  which  we  have  no  control  are  governed  by  the  gangli- 
onic nerves. 


FIG. 


10. — Inside  Surface  of  Left  Lobe  of  Brain. 

A,  Convolutions. 

B,  Nervous  Matter. 

C,  Optic  Mass. 

D,  Nerve  Matter. 

E,  Spinal  Cord. 

F,  Cerebellum. 

G,  Convolutions  of  Cerebellum. 
4th  Ventricle  or  Space. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

GENERAL  REMARKS  APPERTAINING  TO  HEALTH 

Any  material  taken  into  the  stomach  and  causing  dis- 
order is  liable  to  result  in  illness  of  different  kinds  to  other 
organs,  on  account  of  their  close  connection.  Hence  the 
necessity  of  care  in  the  selection  of  proper  food  and  drink, 
and  exposure  to  influences  that  tend  to  lower  vitality. 

It  has  been  said  that  what  is  food  for  one  is  often 
poison  for  another,  so  it  is  dependent  on  individual  judg- 
ment to  decide  what  course  to  pursue.  Much  depends  upon 
the  constitutional  temperament,  the  existing  condition  of 
the  organs,  etc. 

It  may  occur  to  the  reader  that  by  absolutely  correct 
living  one  should  live  indefinitely,  for  we  know  that  the 
body  is  being  supplied  with  material  that  has  been  cast  off, 
as  constantly  as  required.  We  see  some  who  have  lived 
a  long  time  and  then  die,  who  were  free  of  any  organic 
disease. 

As  age  advances,  the  bones  and  arteries  become  hard- 
ened, the  blood  flows  with  less  speed,  and  the  different 
organs  lose  their  elasticity;  vitality  wanes  little  by  little 
from  no  apparent  cause,  and  finally  death  ensues. 

We  may  assume  that  certain  wastes  were  not  wholly 
renewed,  or  that  some  ingredients  were  added  to  parts 
which  gradually  changed  their  structure  until  eventually 
they  ceased  to  perform  their  duties  entirely. 

Our  conduct  should  be  such  as  the  conditions  demand. 
We  should  be  moderate  in  all  things. 

So  live  that  when  the  summons  come  you  will  depart 
this  life  with  few  regrets,  and  leave  behind  memories  that 
will  stimulate  others  to  emulate  your  example. 

In  all  ages  of  the  world  the  attention  of  the  wisest  of 
men  has  been  directed  to  the  great  problem  of  life.  What 
am  I?  For  what  purpose  have  I  been  created?  Whv  am 


I  here? 
•'K 


now  thyself"  was  written  ages  ago,  and  it  is  the 
most  vital  question  before  man  today.  It  is'  impossible  for 
any  one  man  to  know  it  all,  but  any  one  can  learn  much 
that  will  materially  benefit  him,  by  a  little  study,  which 
becomes  a  habit;  it  may  be  at  first  'a  little  irksome,  but  as 
we  proceed  we  soon  discover  it  to  be  a  pleasant  duty.  Our 
desire  to  learn  more  increases  with  every  addition  to  our 


l}8  SECRETS  REVEALED 

knowledge,  and  through  wisdom's  channel   life  is  brighter 
and  bettor. 

By  knowledge  of  his  anatomy,  man  is  capable  of  pro- 
longing his  life,  and  enjoying  it  better,  for  he  will  then 
avoid  many  things  that  are  harmful. 

Let  us  'take  up,  briefly,  a  discussion  of  the  human  body 
and  its  functional  requirements. 

A  very  important  part  is  the  skin,  the  one  concerned  in 
eliminating  the  waste  from  the  system  through  the  pores; 
if  these  become  clogged,  the  poison  is  left  in  the  body,  and 
illness  follows;  thus  we  learn  the  necessity  of  cleanliness. 

The  bones  come  next,  the  composition  of  which  is  mostly 
lime.  As  they  are  the  frame  which  supports  the  body,  they 
must  be  strong,  and  if  the  food  we  eat  be  deficient  in  lime 
they  grow  soft. 

The  muscles  are  next  to  follow.  They  control  all  of 
our  movements,  and  as  they  depend  on  the  blood  for  nour- 
ishment, and  as  the  blood  supply  is  in  turn  dependent  on 
the  food  taken  into  the  stomach,  it  is  necessary  that  all  the 
elements  requisite  for  proper  sustenance  should  be  used  for 
this  purpose. 

It  is  estimated  that  no  particle  that  is  in  our  system 
today  will  be  there  seven  years  hence,  and  some  of  the 
parts  are  renewed  more  often,  such  as  the  finger  nails, 
which  are  renewed  two  or  three  times  a  year.  This  process 
of  carrying  off  and  rebuilding  is  accomplished  by  the 
organs  known  as  the  nutritive  apparatus,  of  which  there 
are  three  parts,  the  digestive,  the  respiratory,  and  the  cir- 
culatory systems. 

The  digestive  organs  comprise  the  teeth,  the  "stomach, 
the  intestines,  etc.  The  teeth  grind  the  food,  and  after 
being  mixed  with  the  saliva  the  pulpy  mass  enters  the 
stomach,  where  it  mixes  with  the  gastric  juice,  and  is  then 
carried  into  the  intestine  in  the  form  of  what  is  called 
Chyme;  it  is  then  acted  upon  by  the  bile  and  pancreatic 
juice,  which  convert  it  into  what  is  termed  Chyle,  a  milk- 
like  fluid,  a  great  portion  of  which  is  absorbed  by  the  villi 
and  carried  into  the  blood. 

The  heart  receives  the  blood  coming  from  the  body, 
mixed  with  the  fluid  food  from  the  intestines,  and  sends  it 
to  the  lungs,  whence,  after  many  important  changes,  it  is 
returned  to  the  heart  to  be  sent  on  its  journey  throughout 
the  body.  As  the  blood  makes  this  grand  circuit,  each 
member  of  the  body  takes  from  it  whatever  it  may  need. 
The  bones  one  portion,  the  muscles  another,  the  nerves 
another,  and  so  on  to  every  part.  This  tour  is  not  only 


GENERAL  REMARKS  APPERTAINING  TO  HEALTH  29 

one  of  distribution,  but  one  of  collection  as  well,  for  it 
gathers  up  all  the  waste  particles  that  are  to  be  expelled 
in  various  ways. 

It  has  been  seen  that  the  blood  came  back  to  one  of  the 
four  chambers  of  the  heart  from  various  parts  of  the  body,  _ 
loaded  with  impurities.     This  mixture  is  not  fit  to  go  out 
into  the  body  again,  so  it  goes  to  the  lungs,  where  it  is 
purified  by  the  air  we  breathe. 

The  air  we  breathe  is  composed  of  about  one-fifth  oxy- 
gen, the  substance  needed  to  purify  the  blood. 

The  walls  of  the  little  air  tubes  in  the  lungs,  also  the 
walls  of  the  blood  vessels,  are  so  thin  that  the  impure 
gases  pass  through  and  mix  with  the  air,  while  the  oxygen 
passes  into  the  blood,  making  it  bright  red,  healthy.  The 
air,  laden  with  impurities  from  the  blood,  is  expelled  in 
the  act  of  expiration. 

The  operation  of  the  lungs  is  very  rapid,  and  as  all  of 
the  blood  must  pass  through  them  once  in  every  three 
minutes  or  less,  some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  amount 
of  work  they  perform,  and  the  necessity  of  pure  air. 

We  know  that  the  nerves  are  the  origin  of  all  action, 
but  how  they  control  our  movements  is  not  fully  under- 
stood. The  carpenter  in  driving  a  nail  is  told  by  the  optic 
nerve  the  exact  location  of  it,  and  the  motor  nerve  carries 
orders  to  the  arm  to  hit  it,  but  we  cannot  tell  precisely  how 

«is  is  done. 
How  expressive  is   the  face  of  man!     How  clearly   it 
nounces  the  thoughts  and  sentiments  of  the  mind !    Love, 
hate,  anger,  and  joy  are  plainly  depicted.     Guilt  shrinks 
from  detection,  innocence  declares  its  confidence,  and  hope 
shines  out  in  bright  expectation. 

Bearing  in  mind,  then,  that  the  brain  and  nerves  are 
the  instruments  of  the  thinking  mind,  and  are  also  wound 
in  with  every  process  of  the  body,  we  can  easily  understand 
the  necessity  of  keeping  them  in  a  healthy  condition. 
Sound  mind,  sound  intellect,  and  sound  physique,  these 
three  go  hand  in  hand.  It  is  impossible  for  an  unhealthy 
person  to  perform  wholesome  mental  labor.  All  of  the 
men  mentioned  in  history  as  leaders  in  their  time  have 
carefully  watched  over  the  condition  of  their  bodies. 

It  is  surprising  to  what  heights  man  may  climb  by 
judicious  use  of  the  talents  with  which  he  is  endowed. 
There  is  nothing  worth  having  which  he  cannot  acquire  if 
he  but  make  up  his  mind  fully  to  accomplish  it. 

We  must  ever  be  on  our  guard  against  temptation  to 
exceed  the  limit  of  safety,  and  check  the  desire  to  indulge 


30  SECRETS  REVEALED 

in  harmful  pleasures.  Never  go  to  extremes  in  anything. 
Always  keep  a  reserved  force  in  store  with  which  to  meet 
emergencies. 

The  great  majority  of  people  eat  too  much.  We  are 
creatures  of  habit,  and  think  that  because  the  usual  time 
of  indulgence  has  arrived  we  must  eat,  regardless  of  the 
inevitable  result,  and  many  of  the  ills  from  which  man 
suffers  can  be  traced  to  that  baneful  habit. 

Nature  will  notify  a  healthy  person  when  to  partake  of 
food,  and  the  quantity  necessary.  Better  to  leave  the 
table  a  little  hungry  than  to  overload  the  stomach. 

Man  is  an  imitative  creature,  and  is  prone  to  follow  the 
leader.  Don't  be  led;  act  independently,  and  be  guided  by 
the  dictates  of  your  own  conscience,  which  is  usually  right. 
Men  differ  in  constitution,  and  cannot  judge  correctly  by 
the  conduct  of  others. 

Each  of  our  faculties  can  be  improved  by  cultivation, 
and  it  is  the  duty  of  man  to  aim  at  perfection. 

The  chase  after  the  almighty  dollar  engrosses  so  much 
of  the  time  of  the  majority  that  they  neglect  to  attend  to 
the  very  details  which  are  necessary  to  obtain  it.  Health 
is  wealth,  and  no  amount  of  riches  can  buy  it. 


CHAPTER  IX 

COMMON  ILLS  AND  THETR  REMEDIES 

It  should  be  understood  that  in  all  cases  of  disease  a 
reliable  physician  should  be  consulted. 

It  is  not,  therefore,  intended  by  presenting*  the  follow- 
ing information  to  supersede  the  important  and  necessary 
practice  of  the  medical  man,  but  to  afford  relief  until  such 
a  time  as  his  services  are  needed.  In  cases  where  the  ail- 
ment may  be  of  a  slight  character,  or  in  which  remote  resi- 
dence, or  other  circumstances,  may  deny  the  privilege  of 
medical  attendance,  the  following  particulars  will  be  found 
of  the  utmost  value.  There  are  many  ills  that  will  yield 
to  simple  treatment,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  call  in  a 
doctor  every  time  one  feels  "a  little  out  of  sorts." 

However,  in  all  cases  where  there  are  complications, 
where  there  is  serious  organic  trouble,  a  skilful  physician 
is  necessary,  and  full  confidence  should  be  accorded  him. 

A  common  cold  if  attended  to  in  time  will  avert  possible 
disaster,  and  the  means  of  restoration  are  within  the  reach 
of  all.  The  cause  of  colds  can,  with  proper  precaution,  be 
rendered  harmless,  for  they  are  the  result,  usually,  of  the 
neglect  of  the  simple  rules  of  health,  by  carelessness  in 
^xposing  the  body  to  needless 'danger. 

We  should  avoid  wetting  the  feet  and  remaining  inactive 
and  exposing  the  body  to  drafts,  especially  while  the  body 
is  warm  from  exercise. 

In  the  case  of  a  cold  that  has  not  become  deep-seated,  its 
progress  can  be  prevented,  and  a  cure  effected  by  bathing 
the  feet  in  hot  water,  to  which  has  been  added  a  quantity 
of  mustard,  then  take  a  10-grain  dose  of  Dover's  powder, 
followed  in  a  short  while  with  a  hot  drink,  and  then  get 
into  bed.  If  this  course  is  followed,  the  cold  will  usually 
be  broken  up. 

In  the  absence  of  the  powder,  Quinine,  a  five-grain  dose, 
may  be  taken  with  good  result.  The  bowels  must  be  kept 
in  order  at  all  times.  If  there  is  a  tendency  to  constipa- 
tion, a  physic  should  be  taken. 

Fever  may  bo  said  to  be  a  general  term,  under  which 
re  included  several  forms  of  disease,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  common,  and  frequently  one  of  the  most  complicated 
complaints  to  which  the  body  is  liable.  It  affects  the  sys- 
tem generally,  and  is  rather  a  symptom  than  a  disease. 


?, 


^2  SECRETS  REVEALED 

A  person  suffering  from  a  fever  should  remain  in  bod 
and  take  the  following: 

Rochelle  Salt,  1  oz.  Carbonate  of  Magnesia,  1  dr. 

Peppermint  Water,  6  ozs. 
Mix,  and  take  a  teaspoonful  every  three  hours. 

A  good  tonic  that  costs  little  can  be  made  as  follows: 
Sulphate  of. Quinine,  1  dr.         Leptandrin,  1  dr. 
Tartaric  Acid,  1  dr. 

A  sufficient  quantity  of  alcoholic  extract  of  black  Cohosh 
to  moisten  so  as  to  make  into  pills.  Mix  well  together,  and 
divide  into  4-grain  pills,  and  take  one  three  times  a  day. 

Headache  is  caused  by  different  disorders,  and  is  quite 
common.  If  from  a  common  cold,  the  snuff  formula  below 
will  be  found  of  benefit: 

Pulverized  Bay  Berry,  1  oz.     Peruvian  Bark,  1  oz. 
Blood  Root,  1  oz. 
Mix  well  in  a  mortar,  and  use  several  times  a  day. 

If  a  headache  is  caused  by  too  much  blood  in  the  head, 
avoid  all  food  of  a  heating  nature,  and  bathe  the  feet  in 
hot  water,  to  which  has  been  added  a  little  mustard   or 
cayenne  pepper,  and  take  of  the  following  mixture: 
Pulverized  Cayenne,  60  grs.     Quinine,  10  grs. 
Ipecac,  15  grs.  Pulverized  Opium,  10  grs. 

Make  into  thirty  pills,  and  take  one  at  night  and  one  in  the 
morning. 

Headache  from  constipation  and  gastric  derangement 
may  be  relieved  by  the  following: 
Podophyllin,  20  grs.  Gamboge,  20  grs. 

Scammony,  20  grs.  Rhubarb,  20  grs. 

Cayenne,  20  grs. 

Take  sufficient  extract  of  Mandrake  to  form  into  25  pills, 
and  take  three  at  night  and  three  in  the  morning. 

For  what  is  usually  termed  a  sick  headache,  bathe  the 
head  in  an  equal  portion  of  each  of  Spirits  of  Camphor, 
Vinegar,  and  water,  then  take  of  the  following: 
Super-carbonic  of   Soda,  Prepared  Charcoal,  1  dr. 

V-2  dr.  Water,  1  oz. 

Paregoric,  1  dr. 

Mix,  and  take  in  one  dose,  and  repeat  in  fifteen  minutes  if 
not  relieved. 


COMMON  ILLS  AXD  THEIR  REMEDIES 


33 


, 


Nervous  headache   is  a   form  of  Neuralgia,   for  which 
take: 

Extract  of  Aconite,  V>  gr.         Extract  of  Stramonium, 

Vs  gr. 


Valerianate   of  Quinine, 

V4  gr. 

ix,  and  take  in  one  pill. 

tinues,  repeat  in  every  hour  until  relieved, 
of  the  following  teas:  Skull-cap,  or  Catnip. 


If  the  case  is  severe,  and  con- 
Drink  freelv 


Toothache,  if  the  tooth  is  not  too  badly  decayed,  will 
he  relieved  by  a  pill  made  of  Gum  Camphor  and  Opium, 
and  inserted  in  the  cavity.  A  decayed  tooth  should  be  filled 
by  a  competent  dentist. 

For  Quinsy  take  a  small  handful  of  Sage,  and  as  much 
of  Sumach  berries  or  bark,  and  put  into  three  pints  of 
water  and  boil  down  to  one  pint,  then  add  a  teaspoonful 
each  of  Pulverized  Alum  and  Saltpetre.  Strain,  and 
sweeten  with  Honey,  and  gargle  the  throat  with  the  mix- 
ture frequently. 

Pain  in  the  side  caused  by  what  is  termed  False  Pleu- 
risy will  be  overcome  by  the  following: 
Oil  of  Sassafras,  iyL>  ozs.         Oil  of  Hemlock,  I1/,  ozs. 
Oil  of  Origanum,  1  oz.  Laudanum,  l.oz. 

Mix,  and  nil")  on  the  affected  part. 


For  Asthma,  use : 

Lobelia  Seed,  1  oz.  Skunk  Cabbage  Balls,  1  oz. 

High  Cranberry  Bark,  2  ozs.     Stramonium  Seed,  i/o  oz. 
Capsicum,  i/>  oz.  Alcohol,  5  pints 

Mix,  and  let  stand  two  weeks,  shaking  frequently.  Dose: 
From  twenty  to  fifty  drops  three  times  a  day,  or  during 
tbe  paroxysm  as  often  as  necessary. 

Piles  are  probably  the  most  common  of  all  the  ills,  and 
in  order  to  render  any  local  application  effective  the  bowels 
must  be  regulated,  for  which  the  following  is  beneficial: 

Equal  parts  of  Flowers  of  Sulphur  and  Cream  of  Tar- 
tar, taken  in  doses  of  a  teaspoonful  once  a  day  in  molasses, 
as  required. 

Iviib  on  the  affected  parts  a  salve  made  as  follows: 
Lard,  2ozs.  Sulphur,  1  dr. 

Mix,  and  rub  between  two  plates  of  lead  until   it  is  well 
ilackened. 


:u 


SECRETS  REVEALED 


Pain  in  the  back  is  common,  and  is  often  blamed  on  the 
kidneys  when  they  are  not  involved.  The  symptoms  of 
kidney  trouble  are  usually  chills  in  the  back  and  loins,  ex- 
tending to  the  bladder,  which  is  aggravated  by  pressure. 
There  is  sometimes  nausea,  a  desire  to  vomit.  The  urine 
is  scanty,  highly  colored,  and  often  bloody.  In  all  cases 
where  the  kidneys  are  involved  a  physician  should  be  con- 
sulted. 

The  following  i-s  recommended  for  backache: 
Sweet  Spirits  of  Nitre,  2  ozs.      Spirits  of  Turpentine,  1  oz. 
Oil  of  Sweet  Almonds,  2  ozs. 

Mix,  and  take  a  teaspoonful  every  three  or  four  hours,  in 
Spearmint  tea. 

The  following  remedy  was  originally  purchased  at  great 
expense,  and  will  be  found  of  value  in  many  cases  where 
a  liniment  is  required.    It  is  invaluable  in  all  surface  pains, 
such  as  neuralgia,  rheumatism,  toothache,  etc. : 
Alcohol,  1  oz.  Chloroform,  %  oz. 

Gum  Camphor,  y2  oz-  ^  °f  Cloves,  Vi>  dr. 

Oil  of  Lavender,  1  dr.  Sulphuric  Ether,  %  oz. 

Laudanum,  Vs  °z- 
Mix  thoroughly  together,  and  rub  in  well. 

Dyspepsia  is  one  of  the  most  common  diseases  with 
which  the  physician  meets.  Those  who  are  of  sedentary 
habits,  who  have  little  opportunity  for  exercise,  are  more 
subject  to  it  than  others.  It  is  the  result  of  indigestion, 
and  is  often  caused  by  imperfect  mastication  of  food.  We 
eat  too  hastily,  and  the  food  enters  the  stomach  in  such  a 
condition  that  the  mass  is  imperfectly  acted  upon  by  the 
gastric  juices,  and  it  is  not  all  passed  out  in  time,  but 
i  (>mains  in  the  stomach,  where  it  putrefies.  Eating  late 
at  night  just  before  retiring,  anger,  great  joy,  all  the  emo- 
tions, in  fact,  are  fruitful  causes  of  Dyspepsia,  as  is  also 
eating  after  great  bodily  fatigue.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
admonish  any  one  what  not  to  eat,  as  we  all  soon  discover 
what  is  objectionable,  and,  besides,  no  set  rule  can  be  laid 
down,  because  what  would  be  harmful  to  some  might  prove 
beneficial  to  others.  In  acidity  of  the  stomach,  the  follow- 
ing is  of  benefit: 
Powdered  Bay  Berry  Bark.  Bicarbonate  of  Soda,  1  oy.. 

1   oz.  Powdered  Golden  Seal,  1  oz. 

Powdered  Prickly  Ash  Bark,     Powdered  Bitter  Root,  1  oz. 

1  oz. 

Mix,  and  take  from  one-half  to  one  teaspoonful  throe  times 
a  dav. 


COMMON  ILLS  AND  THEIR  REMEDIES  35 

For  chronic  cases  take : 

Powdered  Blue  Flag,  1  oz.       Powdered  Mandrake,  1  oz. 
Powdered  Bitter  Root,  1  oz.     Powdered  Blood  Root,  i/2  oz. 
Capsicum,  2  dr. 
Mix,  and  take  as  above. 

For  chronic  constipation  take : 
Oxide  of  Bismuth,  12  grs.         Aloes,  24  grs. 
Make   into   twelve   pills   with   molasses,   and  take  four   at 
night  on  going  to  bed  until  the  stomach  is  strengthened. 

The  liver  is  usually  out  of  order  in  all  cases  of  dyspep- 
sia, and  the  following  will  correct  the  trouble:  One-half 
drachm  each  of  Extract  of  Gentian  and  Powdered  Rhu- 
barb, and  four  grains  of  Blue  Mass. 

Make  into  twenty  pills,  and  take  one  three  times  a  day, 
until  relieved. 

The  following  bitters  are  valuable  in  dyspepsia : 
Peruvian  Bark,  1  oz.  Gentian  Root,  1  oz. 

Orange  Peel,  %  oz.  Coriander  Seed,  ]/L>  oz. 

Bruise  all  together  in  a  mortar,  and  put  them  in  a  quart 
of  French  brandy,  and  let  stand  for  four  or  five  days,  then 
take  a  teaspoonful  in  a  glass  of  water  an  hour  before 
neals. 

Constipation  is  very  common,  and  should  be  avoided, 
as  the  majority  of  the  ills  from  which  we  suffer  are  caused 
by  failure  to  evacuate  the  bowels. 

Do  not  under  any  circumstances  neglect  to  attend  to  a 
call  of  nature  in  this  respect.  Form  the  habit  of  going  to 
the  toilet  at  a  certain  time  every  morning;  even  should  the 
desire  to  evacuate  fail  to  manifest  itself,  persist,  and 
nature  will  establish  a  habit  of  vital  importance. 

Proper  exercise  should  be  taken  every  day,  and  the 
right  kind  of  food  selected.  Fruit,  coarse  bread  and  soup 
are  excellent  articles  of  diet  for  one  subject  to  constipa- 
tion, and  salt  meats,  pastry,  cheese,  and  highly  seasoned 
dishes  should  be  avoided. 

A  mixture  of  Rhubarb,  2  parts ;  Bicarbonate  of  Potassa, 
part,  mixed  into  6-grain  doses,  and  taken  in  a  little  warm 
water  three  times  a  day,  one  hour  before  each  meal,  will 
act  favorably. 

When  the  bowels  become  loose,  the  following  will  be  of 
benefit: 

Compound  syrup  of  Rhubarb  and  Potassa,  4  ozs. 
Issence  of  Peppermint,  1  dr.         Paregoric,  4  dr. 
>onful  three  times  a  day. 


.'Id  SECRETS  REVEALED 

For  Ague: 
Quinine,  20  grs.  Dover's  Powders,   10  grs. 

Sub-carbonate  of  Iron,  1.0  grs. 

Mix  with  mucilage  of  Gum  Arabic,  and  form  into  20  pills. 
Take  two  each  hour,  commencing  five  hours  before  the  chill 
should  set  in;  then  take  one  night  and  morning,  until  all 
are  taken. 

For  sore  throat :  One-half  pint  of  strong  sage  tea.  two 
tablespoonfuls  each  of  strained  honey,  salt  and  vinegar. 
Take  a  teaspoonful  of  cayenne,  and  mix  with  the  tea  first, 
then  add  the  other  ingredients.  Bottle,  and  use  as  a  gargle 
several  times  a  day. 

For  felons:  Take  half  a  pint  of  sweet  oil,  and  put  into 
it  a  piece  of  plug  tobacco  about  the  size  of  a  half  dollar, 
and  stew  until  it  is  crisp,  then  squeeze  the  tobacco  out,  and 
add  one  ounce  of  red  lead,  and  boil  until  black.  When 
partly  cooled,  add  one  ounce  of  powdered  camphor  gum, 
and  wrap  around  the  affected  part. 

Another  Cure  for  Felon:  Wind  a  cloth  loosely  about  the 
finger,  leaving  the  end  open,  then  pour  in  black  gunpowder 
enough  to  cover  the  part  afflicted,  and  keep  it  moist  with 
strong  Spirits  of  Camphor. 

For  Warts  and  Corns:  Take  a  small  piece  of  Potash, 
and  let  it  stand  in  the  air  until  it  slacks,  then  thicken  it 
to  a  paste  with  pulverized  Gum  Arabic.  Pare  off  the  top 
of  corn  or  wart,  and  apply  the  paste,  and  let  it  stand  for 
about  ten  minutes;  then  wash  off  and  soak  in  vinegar. 
Wear  well-fitting  shoes,  and  you  will  not  be  troubled  with 
corns. 

For  Stomach  Worms:  Take  one-half  ounce  each  of 
Manna,  Carolina  Pink  root,  Senna  leaf,  and  American 
Worm  seed;  bruise  and  pour  on  one  pint  of  boiling  water, 
then  steep,  but  do  not  boil.  Sweeten,  and  add  a  pint  of 
milk.  A  child  may  take  one  gill  three  times  a  day,  before 
meals,  until  the  bowels  move  freely.  If  no  favorable  re- 
sults ensue,  wait  a  day  and  increase'  the  dose,  continuing 
until  the  end  is  accomplished. 

For  Tape  Worm:  Pulverized  Pumpkin  seeds,  two  ounces 
every  four  hours,  for  four  or  five  days;  if  necessary,  take 
a  cathartic  to  move  the  bowels  freely.  One  ounce  of  Tur- 
pentine in  Castor  Oil  is  also  effective. 

To  stop  the  flow  of  blood  from  a  slight  cut,  take  equal 
parts  of  salt  and  wheat  flour,  and  sprinkle  on  drv.  If  an 


COMMON  TT.T.S  AND  THETR  REMEDIES  .°>7 

artery  he  cut,  the  blood  will  flow  in  spurts,  and  will  be  of 
n  bright  red  color;  and  to  stop  it,  use  a  compress  between 
the  cut  and  heart;  if  a  vein  be  severed,  the  blood  will  be 
of  a  dark  red  color,  and  flow  steadily,  and  it  must  be  com- 
pressed on  the  side  away  from  the  heart. 

For  burns:  Equal  parts  of  turpentine,  beeswax,  and 
sweet  oil.  Melt  the  wax  and  oil  together,  and  when  a  little 
cool  add  the  turpentine,  and  stir  until  cold.  This  is  an 
excellent  salve  for  cuts  and  bruises,  also. 

Palpitation  of  the  Heart  can  be  stopped  temporarily  by 
drinking  Soda  Water. 

For  old  Sores  and  Ulcers:  One  ounce  each  of  Beeswax 
and  Rosin,  mixed  with  four  ounces  of  Mutton  Tallow  or 
Lard.  After  melting,  pour  in  one  drachm  of  pulverized 
Verdigris,  and  stir  until  cold.  First  thoroughly  clean  the 
sore  with  warm  water  and  soap.  If  there  be  any  proud 
flesh,  sprinkle  over  with  finely  powdered  Alum,  and  remove 
as  much  as  possible  without  causing  bleeding,  then  apply 
the  ointment. 

Another  ointment  may  be  made  as  follows:  Equal  parts 
of  Tincture  of  Myrrh,  Aloes,  and  Blood  Root,  added  to 
the  above  ointment. 

Chronic  cases  of  Heartburn  can  be  relieved  with  the 
following:  Mix  a  teaspoonful  of  prepared  Chalk  with  five 
grains  of  Ginger,  and  take  in  milk  or  water.  Heartburn 
is  a  misnomer,  as  it  has  no  connection  with  the  heart,  being 
caused  by  acidity  of  the  stomach. 

Hiccough  is  sometimes  difficult  to  control,  and  the  fol- 
lowing will  usually  relieve:  Twenty  drops  of  Sal  Volatile 
and  fifteen  drops  of  Ether,  in  a  wine  glass  of  Camphor 
water. 

In  severe  cases,  thirty  drops  of  Laudanum  in  water. 

For  a  Sore  Throat:  Wrap  a  piece  of  flannel  about  the 
throat  on  retiring,  and  gargle  with  a  strong  solution  of 
Alum. 

For  Sprains:  One  ounce  each  of  Spirits  of  Camphor. 
Vinegar,  and  Spirits  of  Turpentine,  rubbed  in  thoroughly, 
after  having  soaked  the  affected  part  in  very  cold  water 
>r  an  hour  or  more. 

It  is  very  important  in  using  liniments,  ointments,  etc., 
rub  them  in  thoroughly.    The  rubbing  itself  is  of  a  cura- 
ive  nature,  and  it  greatly  assists  in  the  action  of  medicine. 


Chapter  X 
POISONS  AND  TTTETH  ANTIDOTES 

hi  rases  of  poisoning1,  haste  is  imperative,  and  tlio  first 
thing-  to  do  is  to  adniinistor  an  emetic  to  empty  the  stom- 
ach, then  give  about  a  tablespoonful  of  salt  mixed  with 
mustard,  in  warm  water,  or  cold  will  answer. 

Putting  the  ringer  in  the  throat  and  moving  it  about 
will  usually  bo  effective. 

Also  salad  oil  in  warm  water,  or  three  or  four  grains 
of  tobacco. 

After  the  stomach  has  been  emptied,  administer  the 
following  antidotes: 

POISOXS  A  XTIDOTKS 

Arsenic,  or  any  preparation     The  white  of  eggs, 
of.     Any  of  each,  Lime  water. 

Chalk  and  water. 
Hydrate  of  iron. 

Alcohol,    etc.*,  Dash    cold    water    on    the 

head,  and  give  diluted 
Ammonia  water. 

Ammonia,  Lemon   juice,'  diluted    Vine- 

gar, or  Acetic  acid. 

Nitric,  or  any  of  the  burn-     Magnesia,  or  Soap  water. 

ing  acids, 

Antimony,  Tea  made  of  Peruvian  bark, 

or  Galls,  or  White  Oak 
bark ;  give  freely. 

Alkali   Volatile,  Drink  freely   of  water  with 

Lemon  juice  or  Vinegar 
in  it. 

Citric  and  Acetic  arid,  Chalk,    or    Magnesia    water, 

Flaxseed  tea,  or  L  i  m  e 
water. 

Carbolic  acid.  Flour  and  water,  or  any 

glutinous  drink. 

Cantharidos,  Drink  freely  of  milk  or 

Camphor  water,  a  table- 
spoonful,  a  n  d  r  u  b  the 
Spirits  on  the  outside. 


POISONS  AND  THEIR  ANTIDOTES 


POISONS 

Carbonate  of  soda, 
"nils tic  potash, 

•hloral  hydrate, 

Chloride  of  lime, 
Cobalt, 

orrosive  sublimate, 
Creosote, 

/opperas, 
Absinthe, 

Belladonna, 

Bitter   almonds,   and   Peach 
kernels, 

Bine    vitrol,    and    Sulphuric 
acid, 

Fish  (Ptomaine), 

Fowler's  solution, 
Poison  oak,  or  Ivy, 

Opium,  Laudanum,  etc., 
Lime, 


ANTIDOTKS 
Soap,   or  Mucilage  drink. 

Drink  freely  of  Lemonade 
or  diluted  Vinegar. 

Dash  cold  water  on  head 
and  face,  and  apply  arti- 
ficial respiration. 

Lemonade,  or  diluted  Vine- 
gar, and  physic. 

Soap,  or  Mucilaginous 
drinks. 

Milk,  or  white  of  eggs, 
freely. 

Starch  or  flour  mixed  with 
water,  or  white  of  eggs. 

White  of  eggs. 

Drink  freely  of  Flaxseed 
tea. 

Drink  freely  of  Lemonade 
or  Vinegar  water. 

Spirits  of  Hartshorn,  strong 
Coffee,  and  cold  applica- 
tions to  the  stomach. 

Magnesia,  Soap,  Chalk,  or 
Lime  water,  then  give 
Mucilage  water  or  milk. 

Strong  physic,  then  any  al- 
kaline drink. 

Sweet  oil,  butter  and  milk. 

Apply  to  affected  part  a 
strong  solution  of  Sugar 
of  Lead. 

Strong  Coffee,  and  keep  the 
patient  awake  at  all  haz- 
ards. 

Vinegar    water,    or    Lemon 

juice. 


lECRETS    KEVEALED 


POISONS 
Lunar  caustic, 
Lye, 

Mercury, 
Morphine, 

Muriatic  acid, 
Mushrooms, 
Nitrate  of  silver, 
Phosphorus, 

"Paris    green,    Nux    vomica, 
etc., 

Prussic   acid    (the   deadliest 
of  poisons), 

Strychnine, 

Tobacco, 
Tartaric  acid, 


ANTIDOTES 
Milk,  freely,  then  physic. 
Vinegar,   or   Olive   oil. 
White  of  eggs. 

Strong  Coffee,  and  keep  pa- 
tient awake. 

Magnesia,  or  soap  water. 
Kpsom  salts,  and  stimulate. 
Salt  water  freely. 

Milk,  or  Magnesia,  and  fol- 
low with  Flaxseed  tea. 

Hydrate  of  iron,  white  of 
eggs,  Lime  w  a  t  e  r  ,  or 
Chalk  and  water. 

Coffee;  inhale  Ammonia, 
Camphor,  or  Vinegar,  and 
pour  water  on  the  head 
and  back. 

White  of  eggs,  Lime  water. 
Hydrate  of  iron. 

Whiskey  and  water. 
Magnesia,  or  Soap  water. 


PROPORTIONAL   DOSES  OF  MEDICINES 

A    full  dose  for  ages  above  21  years  of  age  up  to  the 
age  of  ()f),  and  above  that  age  graduate  in  reverse  order: 


At  7  weeks  of  age, 
At  7  months. 
Under  two  years, 
Under  three. 
Under  four, 
Tndei'  seven, 
Under  fourteen, 
Under  twenty, 


One-fifteenth. 

One-twelfth. 

One-eighth. 

One-sixth. 

One-fourth. 

One-third. 

One-half. 

Two-fifths. 


CHAPTER  XT 


LATIN  NAMES  OF  DRUGS  AND  THETR  EQUIVALENT  IN  ENGLISH 


LATIN 

Acacia. 
Acetum. 

Acidum  citricum. 
Acidum  hydrocyanieum. 
Acidnm  oxalicum. 
Acidum  tartaricum. 
Adeps. 

Allium  sativnni. 
A  hi  men. 

Amygdala  dulcis. 
Apocynum  cannabinum. 
Aqua  ammoniae. 
Aqua  calcis. 
Argenti  natras. 
Aristiochia  serpentaria. 
Arnica  montana. 
Atropa  belladonna. 
Aurantii  cortex. 
A  venae  farina. 
A  venae  sativa. 
Butyrum. 

Calamus  aromaticus. 
Calcis  chloridum. 
Cantharis  vesicatoria. 
Capsicum  annuum. 
Car  bo  ligni. 

Caryopyllus  aromaticus. 
Cassia  inaralandica. 
Cephaelis  ipecacauanlia. 
Cera  alba. 
Cera  flava. 

Cerevis-lar  fermentum. 
Certraria  islandica. 
Chloroformi. 
Cinchonia    rupia. 
Conolvolus  jala]>a. 
Cornus  florida. 
Creosotum. 
Creta  preparata. 


ENGLISH 

Gum  arabic. 

Vinegar. 

Citric  acid. 

Prussic  acid. 

Oxalic  acid. 

Tartaric  acid. 

Lard. 

Garlic. 

Alum. 

Sweet  almonds. 

Indian  hemp. 

Ammonia. 

Lime  water. 

Caustic. 

Snake  root. 

Arnica  flowers. 

Deadly  night  shade. 

Orange  peel. 

Oatmeal. 

Oats. 

Butter. 

Calamus. 

Chloride  of  lime. 

Cantha  rides. 

Bed  pepper. 

Charcoal. 

Cloves. 

Senna. 

Ipecac. 

White  wax. 

Yellow  wax. 

Yeast. 

Iceland  moss. 

Chloroform. 

Peruvian  bark. 

Jalap. 

Dogwood. 

Creosote. 

Prepared  chalk. 


SECRETS  17  EV  E  ALED 


LATTX 


Crocus  salivas. 

Cupri  sulphas. 

I  )alura   stramonium. 

Ku  pa  tor  in  in  perfoliatum. 

Ferri  ferroeyanuretum. 

Ferri  sul])has. 

Gaultheria  procumbens. 

Glycerina. 

Q-lycyrrhhiza  glabra. 

I [amamelis  virginiana. 

I  [ydrargryri    corrosive 

ehloridum. 

Hydrargryri  chloride  mite. 
Flyd ra rgr y ri    ox i d vmi 

rubrum. 

Hy  d  ra  s  t  i  c   ca  naden  i  s. 
lodinum. 

Laurus  campliora. 
Lap|)a  minor. 
Leptrandra  virglnica. 
Linnin  usitatissmum. 
Lotii    Iiydrargi-yri   nigm. 
Lupulina. 

Magnesia  earbonas. 
Magnesia  sulphas. 
Maranta  arundinacea. 
Marriubium   vnlgaro. 
Mel  despumatum, 
Mentha  pi])erita. 
Mentha   ])iilegium. 
M  oschus  moscliiverns. 
Myristica  mosehata. 
Xarthex  asaftrtida. 
Oleum  amygdahr. 
Oleum  morrhuu'. 
Oleum  oliva-. 
Oleum   rieini. 
Oleum  terebinthinas. 
Oleum  tigleum. 
Pa  paver  somniferum. 
Pi^meiitum  indicum. 
Pilula1    inassa-   hydrargryri. 
Piper  nigrum. 
Phytolacca. 


Saffron. 
Bluestone. 

Thorn  a])])le. 
Boneset. 
Prussian  blue. 
Green  vitro  I. 
\Yintergreen. 
Glycerine. 
Licorice. 
Witch  hazel. 

( Corrosive  sublimate. 
Calomel. 

Red  precipitate. 

Golden  seal. 

Iodine. 

Camphor. 

Burdock. 

Culvers  root. 

Flax  seed. 

I > lack  wash. 

Hops. 

Magnesia. 

Epsom  salts. 

Arrow  root. 

Morehound. 

Honey. 

Peppermint. 

Pennyroyal. 

Musk. 

Nutmeg. 

Asafo?tida. 

Oil  of  almonds. 

Cod  liver  oil. 

Olive  oil. 

Castor  oil. 

Turpentine. 

Croton  oil. 

Poppy  heads. 

[ndigo. 

Blue  mass. 

Black  pepper. 

Poke. 


LATIN  NAMES  OF  DRUGS  AND  EQUIVALENT  IN  ENGLISH  48 


LATIN 

Plumbi  acetas. 
Pottassi  nitras. 
Pottassi  supertartras. 
Prunas  virginiana. 
Pulv  ipecac  et  opii. 
Quercus  alba. 
Rheuma  officinale. 
Rhus  taxicodendron. 
Saccharum  album. 
Saccharum  laxtis. 
Sagus   rumphii. 
Sanguinaria    canadensis. 
Sinapis  alba. 
Sinapis  nigra. 
Soda?  chloridum. 
Similax   officinale. 
Soda?  hi  boras. 
Soda?  carbonas. 
Sodae  et  potassii  tartras. 
Soda?  phosphas. 
Soda?  sulphas. 
Solanum  dulcamara, 
Stillingia. 
Sulphur  rotundum. 
Theobroma  cacao. 
Tinctura  opii. 
Tinctura  opii  camphorata, 
Ulmas  fulva, 
Xanthroxylum 
igiber  offinalis. 


ENGLISH 

Sugar  of  lead. 
Saltpetre. 
Cream  of  tartar. 
Wild  cherry. 
Dover's  powders. 
White  oak. 
Rhubarb. 
Poison  oak. 
White  sugar. 
Sugar  of  milk. 
Sago. 
Bloodroot. 
White  mustard. 
Black  mustard. 
Salt. 

Sarsaparilla. 
Borax. 

Carbonate  of  soda, 
Rochelle  salts. 
Phosphate  of  soda. 
Glauber  salts. 
Bitter  sweet. 
Queen  root. 
Sulphur. 
Chocolate. 
Laudanum. 
Paregoric. 
Slippery  elm. 
Prickly  ash. 
Ginger. 


CHAPTER   XTT 


FORMULAS  OF  PATKXT  MEDICINES 


Dr.  Pierce'*  Golden  Medical  Discovery 


ozs. 

oz. 

ozs. 

oz. 

oz. 


Fluid  Extract  of  Cinchona. 

Fluid  Extract  of  Colombo, 

Fluid  Extract  of  (Uiiae, 

Fluid  Extract  of  Licorice, 

Tincture  of  Opium,  y4 

Podophyllin  (Resinoid),         30  grs. 

Glycerine,  1  pint 

Dissolve  the  podophyllin  in  alcohol,  then  add  the  other 
ingredients.  Thoroughly  mix,  and  take  a  teaspoonful  twice 
a  dav. 


Peruno 

Alcohol,  1  pt. 
Cubebs,  1  dr. 
Burnt  Sugar, 
Water,  1}  pts. 


oz. 


Cascarets 

C  a  s  ca  r  i  n  e ,   1  '2 1/-_>  gr 
Podophyllin,  8  grs. 
A  loin,  12 1/0  grs. 
Belladonna,  8  grs. 
Sugar,  8  ozs. 


drs. 


Haarlem 

Oil  of  Turpentine,  1   pt. 
Linseed  Oil,  */>  pt. 
Balsam  of  Sulphur,  1  gill 
Barbadoes  Tar,  V>  gill 
Crude  Oil  of  Amber,  1   oz. 


//.  />.  li. 
Bud m,   Vi»   oz- 
I'va  Ursi,  21/*  drs. 
Extract  of  Cubebs, 
Alcohol,  4  ozs. 
Oil  of  Peppermint,  1  dr. 

Centaur  Liniment 

Oil  of  Sassafras,       2  ozs. 

<  )il  of  Spike,  .'5  ozs. 

Oil  of  Peppermint,  1  oz. 

Oil  of  Petroleum,     o  ozs. 

Oil  of  (Moves, 

Oil  of  Cinnamon, 

Oil  of  Cedar, 

Oil  of  Origanum, 

L igh  /  n  ing  Liu  im  cut 

Glycerine,    1   oz.  Extract  of  Aconite,  1 

Alcohol,        4  ozs.  oil  of  Mustard,         1 

This  is  a  valuable  liniment  for  rheumatism. 


2  drs. 
2  ozs. 
2  ozs. 
2  ozs. 


Oil  of  Wormwood, 

2  ozs. 

Oil   of  Tansy, 

2  drs. 

A(|iia   Ammonia. 

2  ozs. 

Tincture  of  Opium, 

2  ozs. 

Opodeldoc, 

2  ozs. 

Gum  Camphor, 

2  ozs. 

Chloroform, 

2  ozs. 

Alcohol, 

1   gal. 

dr. 


FORMULAS  OF  PATENT  MEDICINES  45 

Mexican  Mustang  Liniment 
Petroleum,  '2  ozs.  Brandy,  1  dr. 

A(|iia  Ammonia,  1.  oz. 

Hamlin's  Wizard  Oil 

Tincture  of  Camphor,  2  ozs.     Aqua  Ammonia,  V-  oz. 

Tincture  of  Opium,     V>  oz.       Chloroform,  2  drs. 

Powdered  Cayenne,    y2  oz.       Oil  of  Sassafras,  Vl>  oz- 

Alcohol,                         V>  oz.       Turpentine,  1  dr. 
Oil  of  Cloves,                1  dr. 

Radu'ay's  Ready  Relief 

Tincture  of  Capsicum,  1  oz.       Aqua  Ammonia,          M>  oz. 
Spirits  of  Camphor,     2  ozs.     Alcohol.  Vi»  oz. 

Soap   Liniment,         1  '  •••>  ozs. 


Perny  /)r/?;?V  P«m  A^/7/pr  SJ.  Jacob's  Oil 

Tincture  of  Capsicum,  1  oz.  Ether,  1  oz. 

Spirits  of  Camphor,     2  ozs.  Alcohol,  1  oz. 

Tincture  of  Guaiac,  yL>  oz.  Burnt  Sugar,  1  oz. 

Tincture  of  Myrrh,     i/[,  oz.  Water,  1  oz. 

K'cohdl,  4  ozs. 

Ayer's  Cherry  Pectoral 

ncture   of  Bloodroot,  Wine  of  Ipecac,  3  drs. 

2  ozs.  Acetate  of  Morphia,     4  grs. 
Antimonial  Wine,         3  drs. 

Wine  of  Car  dm 

Fresh  Cocoa  leaves,     3  ozs.  Port  Wine,  1  pt. 

Dr.  Pierce'  s  Favorite  Prescription 

Tincture  of  Digitalis,  Savin,  10  parts 

2  parts  Cinnamon,  5  parts 

Tincture  of  Opium,    2  parts  Agaric,  5  parts 

Oil  of  Anise,  8  parts  Alcohol,  45  parts 

Peruvian  Bark,         10  parts  Water,  220  parts 

Gum  Arabic,  10  parts 

Warner's  Safe   Cure 

owdered   Saltpetre,    2  drs.  Alcohol,  .'>  ozs. 

iverwort,  1  oz. 


• 

u 


Cluun hcrl (tin's  Relief 
Tincture  of  Capsicum,  1  oz.       Tincture  of  Guaiac,     1  oz. 
Spirits  of  Camphor,  %  oz.       Alcohol,  1   oz. 


'EVEALED 


Tincture  of  Oardamon 

Seed  1    oz. 

Tincture  of  Cinnamon,  Extract    of   Sarsaparilla, 

y    oz>  1    oz. 

Extract  of  Phvtolacca, 


Acetate   of   Potash,        1    oz. 
Iodide  of  Potash,          1    oz. 
Extract  of  Culvers 
Boot, 


Alcohol, 
Sugar, 


!    oz. 

4  ozs. 
i/o   !)). 


1  oz.       Water,  .'tt;  ozs. 

Pile   Oinfnn-nt 

Stramonium  Ointment,  1  oz.     Carbonate   of   Lead,    '  L.   oz. 
Sulphate  of  Morphia,  15  grs.     Olive  Oil,  'JO  drops 

Magnetic  Ointment 

Prepared   Lard,          8  ozs.  Simmer   on   stove,   then 

Raisins,                        3  ozs.  strain.       Good     for    Salt 

Fine   Cut   Tobacco,  3  ozs.  Rheum,  Tetter,  etc. 

Anderson's  Soothing  Ointment 

Oxide  of  Bismuth,  VL>  oz.  Vaseline,  4'L>  ozs. 

Oleic  Acid,  4  ozs.          Oil  of   Rose,  to  perfume. 

White  Wax,  TI/,  ozs. 

loflofonn  Ointment 

lodoform,  10  grs.  Cosmolins,  1    oz. 

Oil  of  Eucalyptus,  1  dr. 

(ireen  Mountain  tialre 

Powdered  Verdigris,    1   oz.        P>alsam  Fir,  1    oz. 

Oil  of  Wormwood,       VL»  oz.        Mutton  Tallow,  4  ozs. 

Venice  Turpentine,  IV,  ozs.      Beeswax,  4  ozs. 

Oil  of  Red   Cedar,       1   oz.       Burgundy  Pitch,  4  ozs. 

Oil  of  Origanum,          1   oz.        Resin,  5  Ibs. 

Oil  of  Hemlock,  1   oz. 

Melt  the  resin,  pitch,  tallow,  and  balsam  together;  then  add 
the  oils  with  the  verdigris,  together  with  the  other  ingredi- 
ents, and  mix  thoroughly.  This  is  one  of  the  best  salves 
made. 


CHAPTER  XIII 

HOUSEHOLD  RECIPES 


An  excellent  cold  cream  can  be  made  as  follows: 

Oil  of  Sweet  Almonds,  8  ozs.     White  Wax,  4  drs. 

Rose  Water,  8  ozs.     Pulverized  Borax,       20  grs. 

Spermaceti,  6  drs.     Attar  of  Roses,         8  drops 

Melt  the  spermaceti,  wax  and  oil  of  almonds  together  by 
gentle  heat;  then  dissolve  the  borax  in  the  rose  water,  and 
add  slowly  to  the  melted  mixture  while  on  the  fire;  then 
take  off  and  stir  until  cool,  and  add  the  attar  of  roses. 

For  Chapped  Hands 

Carbolic  Acid,   30  grs.  Yolk  of  one  egg. 

Glycerine,  3  ozs. 

Put  in  a  bottle,  and  shake  well. 

Hair  Tonic 
Tincture  of  Cantharides,  Cinnamon,  15  drops 

2  drs.     Lavender,  l^t  drs. 

Oil  of  Bergamont,        3  ozs.     Aqua  Ammonia,  4  drs. 
Castor  Oil,  3  ozs. 

Alcohol  sufficient  to  make  one  quart. 

Hair  Oil 

Oil  of  Cotton  Seed,  1  pt.     .    Oil  of  Rosemary,  1  dr. 

Oil  of  Fennel,  V4   oz.         Oil  of  Cinnamon,  3  drs. 

Oil  of  Sassafras,      V4  oz.         Oil  of  Cloves,  1  dr. 

Oil  of  Thvme,  1  dr.         Oil  of  Lavender,  1  dr. 


s, 


Sea  Foam  Shampoo 

ulphuric  Ether,  1  oz.  Dissolve  2  ozs.  of  Castile 

Alcohol,  1   oz.  Soap  in  1  qt.  of  rain  water, 

Glycerine,  1   oz.  and  add  the  other   ingredi- 

Aqua  Ammonia,     1   dr.  ents. 


Tooth  Potrflcr 

Prepared    Chalk,    1  Ib.  Orris  Root,  4  ozs. 

Powdered  Borax,  8  ozs.  Mix  well,  and  strain. 

Myrrh,  4  ozs. 


48  SECRETS 


1   onj.)  of  Milk.  ]   tablespoonful  of  Sugar. 

i/.  oil])  of  Water.  2  tablespoonfuls  of  Butter. 

'2  cups  of  Bran.  1    teaspoonful    of  Salt. 

1   cnp  of  Graham  Flour. 

11  cat  the  milk,  then  add  the  sugar  and  butter;  when  luke- 
warm, add  the  yeast,  softened  in  one  half  cup  of  water;  then 
add  the  salt,  bran,  and  flour.  Beat  well,  and  let  rise  until 
double  in  bulk,  then  divide  into  two  loaves,  knead  and  put 
in  two  pans.  Let  rise  again  and  bake  in  a  moderate  oven. 

Bran  Gems 
1  cup  of  Flour.  1  tablespoon  ful  of  Sugar. 

1  Cup  of  Milk.  1   teaspoonful  of  Salt. 

2  cups  of  Bran.  .*>  teaspoonful  s  of  Baking 

1  Egg.  Powder. 

2  tablespoonfuls  of  Butter. 

Sift  the  flour  with  the  salt,  sugar,  and  baking  powder;  add 
beaten  egg,  milk,  and  bran,  and  beat  thoroughly;  then  pour 
in  the  melted  butter,  and  pour  into  hot  gem  pans,  and  bake 
in  hot  oven. 

Cream  Pie 

1   cup  of  Sour  Cream.  y>>  cup  of  Raisins. 

%  <*up  of  Sugar.  y4  cup  of  Currants. 

1  teaspoonful  of  Ground         V»  teaspoonful  of  Cinnamon. 

Cloves.  2  Eggs. 

Separate  the  eggs,  and  to  the  beaten  yolks  add  raisins  and 
currants,  chopped  very  fine,  then  sugar,  cream,  and  spices. 
Line  a  pie  plate  with  rich  paste,  and  bake  the  mixture  with 
only  one  crust,  using  the  whites  of  the  eggs  for  a  meringue. 

Poporerft  icitli  Chocolate  Sauce 

1   cup  of  Milk.  V>  teaspoonful  of  Salt. 

.1   cup  of  Flour.  1  Egg. 

Put  flour,  milk,  egg,  and  salt  in  a  deep  bowl,  beat  well  and 
pour  into  hot  gem  pans  that  have  been  well  buttered.  Serve 
with  the  following  sauce: 

1   square  of  Chocolate.  i/>  teaspoonful  of  Salt, 

1   cup  of  Milk.  T  teaspoonful  Corn  Starch. 

1   cup  of  Sugar.  1    tablespoonful    of    Butter. 

1  teaspoonful  of  Vanilla. 

Melt  chocolate  with  tablespoonful  of  water;  when  bubbling, 
add  milk,  salt,  butter,  and  sugar;  when  boiling,  thicken  with 
corn  starch,  wet  with  a  little  water  or  milk.  Cook  until  ra\v 
starch  is  gone,  and  flavor. 


HOUSEHOLD  RECIPES  49 

Cottage  Pudding 
2l/4  cups  of  Flour.  14  teaspoonful   of  Almond 

1  cup  of  Milk.  Extract. 

i/o  cup  of  Sugar.  1       teaspoonful    of    Vanilla 

2  tablespoonfuls  of  Butter  Extract. 

1       Egg.  2l/2  teaspoonful s  of  Baking 

!/o  teaspoonful  of  Salt.  Powder. 

Beat  butter  and  sugar  together,  then  add  the  egg,  well 
beaten,  then  the  milk  and  flour  sifted  with  all  the  dry  in- 
gredients; flavor  with  the  almonds  and  vanilla,  and  bake 
45  minutes  in  a  moderate  oven.  Serve  with  the  chocolate 
sauce. 

Maple  Frosting 

1  Ib.  of  Maple  Sugar.  The  Beaten  Whites  of  Two 

1  cup  of  Water.  Eggs. 

Boil  sugar  and  water  until  it  will  spin  a  thin  thread;  pour 
on  the  egg  whites  slowly,  beating  all  the  time;  when  stiff 
enough  to  spread,  pour  on  cakes. 

Nice  rolls  can  be  made  with  the  same  dough  as  bread, 
except  use  cream  or  milk  instead  of  water,  and  roll  into 

P^sired  shape. 
Boiled  Rice. — Clean  rice  in  cold  water,  then  put  one  cup 
of  it  into  two  cups  of  boiling  water,  and  let  it  boil  rapidly 
until   tender;   drain  at   once  and   put   into   a   warm   oven 
until  dry. 

Steamed  rice  should  be  put  in  a  steamer  and  cooked  for 
about  an  hour,  without  stirring.  Rice  should  not  be  more 
than  three  inches  deep  in  a  vessel,  as  its  weight  will  make 

»<+  soggy. 
Rice  and  raisins  make  a  very  palatable  dish,  and  it  may 
be  prepared  as  follows:  Cook  as  directed  for  steamed  rice, 
but  as  soon  as  it  has  swelled,  before  it  has  softened,  stir 
into  it  softly,  with  a  fork,  a  cupful  of  raisins  or  currants, 
and  serve  with  cream. 

In  preparing  macaroni  for  cooking,  do  not  wash  it;  if 
dusty,  wipe  off  with  a  dry  rag,  break  into  pieces  and  put 
into  plenty  of  boiling  water,  as  it  absorbs  a  great  deal; 
when  tender,  put  in  a  colander  and  strain,  and  pour  cold 
water  through  it  to  prevent  it  from  sticking  together.  It 
can  be  seasoned  to  suit  the  taste.  Macaroni  is  very  useful 
in  soups,  and  is  a  valuable  adjunct  to  many  dishes. 


">()  SECRETS  REVEALED 

Macaroni  with  tomato  sauce  is  made  by  the  same  pro- 
cess as  the  preceding,  then  prepare  tomatoes  by  stewing 
and  pressing  through  a  colander  and  strain;  then  thicken 
with  a  little  flour,  about  a  tahlespoonfnl  to  the  pint,  sea-- 
son, and,  if  desirable,  add  a  little  cream.  Fruit  of  any  kind 
is  a  pleasant  accompaniment  to  macaroni. 

Corn  Pnffx.  —  Mix  the  yolk  of  one  egg1  with  a  .cup  of 
milk,  then  add  a  cup  of  flour,  one-half  cup  of  fine  corn 
meal,  and  one-fourth  cup  of  sugar;  mix  thoroughly;  place 
the  batter  where  it  will  cool,  then  beat  until  full  of  air 
bubbles,  then  put  in  carefully  the  well-beaten  white  of  the 
egg,  and  pour  into  well-heated  irons,  and  bake  in  a  mod- 
erate oven  thirty  or  forty  minutes. 

Xttt  (V/.v/;.v.  —  Mix  together  I1/!'  cups  of  coarse  graham 
flour,  and  i/i  cnp  of  finely  ground  nuts.  Make  into  a  stiff 
dough  with  cold  water;  knead  well  and  roll  into  very  thin 
wafers,  shape*  and  bake  on  perforated  tins  until  lightly 
browned  on  both  sides. 


l  I^cdi'x.  —  -Pare,  halve  and  remove  seeds,  and  place 
in  a  shallow  earthen  dish,  using  one  cup  of  water  to  each 
two  quarts  of  the  fruit;  cover,  and  bake  in  a  moderate 
oven  until  tender,  and  serve  with  sugar  and  cream. 


H'itli  Celery.  —  Pare  and  slice  the  potatoes,  and 
put  in  stew  pan  with  one-quarter  as  much  of  minced  celery; 
put  in  sufficient  milk  to  cover,  and  stew  until  tender. 


.  —  Mix  two  pounds  of  flour  with  one-half 
ounce  of  carbonate  of  magnesia,  then  add  one  pint  of 
molasses,  one-half  pound  of  sugar,  two  ounces  of  melted 
butter,  two  drachms  of  tartaric  acid;  make  a  stiff  pastes 
and  add  two  drachms  each  of  nutmeg  and  cinnamon;  let 
stand  one  hour,  and  hake  slowly. 


CHAPTER  XTV 

USEFUL  INFORMATION 


To  Besliarpen  Old  Files. — Dissolve  four  ounces  of  sal- 
era  his  in  one  quart  of  water,  and  boil  the  files  in  this  solu- 
tion for  half  an  hour;  take  out,  wash  and  dry;  then  stand  in 
the  following  preparation:  Water,  one  quart,  and  four 
ounces  of  sulphuric  acid.  Coarse  files  should  remain  in 
the  solution  for  twelve  hours;  fine  ones,  about  three.  If  a 
file  is  not  too  dull,  it  can  be  cleaned  with  benzole  and  a 
scratch  brush. 

To  destroy  the  taste  of  castor  oil,  beat  in  with  the  white 
of  an  egg  until  thoroughly  mixed. 

To  remove  the  odor  of  onions  from  the  breath,  eat  a 
little  parsley  with  a  little  vinegar  in  it. 

Management  of  Brooms. — Wet  in  boiling  soapsuds  once 
week,  and  they  will  be  tougher  and  last  longer. 

To  Exterminate  Ants.  —  Powdered  borax  sprinkled 
about  their  haunts  will  drive  them  away. 

To  Purify  Water  in  a  Cistern. — Two  ounces  of  perman- 
ganate of  potassa  put  in  the  cistern  will  purify  the  water. 

To  Destroy  Bed  Bugs. — Equal  parts  of  turpentine  and 
coal  oil  will  destroy  them. 

Waterproof  Composition  for  Leather.  —  Dissolve  by 
heat  one  ounce  of  pure  India  rubber  shavings  in  one  quart 
of  neats  foot  oil,  and  add  two  ounces  of  tallow,  and  rub  in 
the  leather  thoroughly. 

To  Prevent  Iodine  from  Staining.* — Add  a  few  drops  of 
liquid  carbolic  acid  to  the  mixture. 

Simple  Cure  for  a  Felon. — As  soon  as  the  soreness  ap- 
pears, wrap  the  part  with  a  rag  saturated  with  tincture  of 
lobelia. 

II on-  to  Preserve  Meat. — Put  in  a  vessel  and  cover  with 
sour  milk  or  buttermilk. 

To  Scnr  or  Cut  (ttass. — Keep  the  cutting  tool  or  saw 
moistened  with  camphorized  oil  of  turpentine. 


•~>-  SECRETS  'REVEALED 

Composition  to  Tout/hen  Steel. — Resin,  2  Ibs. ;  Tallow, 
2  Ihs. ;  Black  Pitch,  1  II).  Molt  together  and  dip  the  metal 
in  the  mixture  while  hot. 

The  following-  is  a  fair  estimate  of  the  quantity  of  paint 
required  for  a  given  surface: 

First  coat,  which  will  cover  b'5  square  yards  of  surface: 
10  Ibs.  white  lead. 

1   oz.  red  lead. 

'2  ozs.  litharge. 

4  pts.  -linseed  oil. 

Second  coat,  which  will  cover  TOO  square-  yards: 
10  Ihs.  white  lead. 

'2  ozs.  litharge. 

-'•»  pts.  linseed  oil. 

1  -V-2  l^s.  turpentine. 

Third  coat,  which  will  cover  11. •>  square  yards: 
10  Ibs.  white  lead. 

-  ozs.  litharge. 

'2  pts.  linseed  oil. 

'2   pts.  turpentine. 

With  ordinary  paints,  new  wood  and  iron  work  requires 
four  coats;  old  paint,  two  coats  for  inside,  and  three  for 
outside. 

Hoir  1o  Mi-jr  Paints  for  Color* 

Buff. — White,  red,  yellow,  ochre. 

Chestnut. — Red,  black,  yellow. 

Chocolate. — Raw  umber,  red,  black. 

Claret. — Red,  umber,  black. 

Copper. — Black,  yellow,  red. 

Dove. — White,  vermilion,  blue,  yellow. 

Drab.— White,  yellow,  red,  black. 

Fawn. — White,  yellow,  red. 

Flesh. — White,  yellow,  vermilion. 

(Jray.— White,  black. 

Lemon. — White,  yellow. 

Olive. — Yellow,  blue,  black,  while. 

Orange. — Yellow,  red. 

Peach.. — 'White,  vermilion. 

Purples— Violet,  red,  white. 

Rose.— White,  madder  lake. 

Snuff.— Yellow,  Van  Dyke  brown 

Violet— Bed,  blue,  white. 


USEFUL  INFORMATION  5?> 

To  Remove  Paint  from  Cloth.- — Saturate  the  stain  with 
equal  parts  of  turpentine  and  ammonia  until  they  become 
soft,  then  wash  with  soap  and  water. 

To  Re  more  Old  Pain!  from  Iron  or  Wood. — One  gallon 
of  hot  water,  to  which  add  one-half  pound  of  sal  soda.  Mix 
well,  and  apply  hot. 

To  Remove  Old  Putty. — .Apply  nitric  or  muriatic  acid. 

Partit  for  Blackboards. — Dissolve  four  ounces  of  glue  in 
one  quart  of  water,  then  put  in  three  ounces  of  flour  of 
emery  and  sufficient  lampblack  to  color.  Stir  until  there 
are  no  lumps,  and  apply  with  a  woolen  rag  wrapped  tightly 
in  a  roll.  Three  coats  are  sufficient. 

To  Revive  the  Colors  of  Old  Paintings.  —  Mix  two 
ounces  of  linseed  oil  with  one  ounce  of  methylated  chloro- 
form and  apply  a  little  over  the  painting,  after  having 
washed  it  with  clean  water  and  a  soft  rag;  then  wipe  off 
the  composition  the  following  day. 

To  Clean  Silverware. — Never  use  soap,  as  it  dulls  the 
luster;  when  it  requires  cleaning,  rub  it  with  chamois 
leather  and  prepared  chalk,  made  into  a  paste  with  a  little 
water. 

To  Clean  Marble. — Mix  two  parts  of  common  soda  with 
one  part  each  of  fine  chalk  and  pumice,  and  mix  with 
water.  After  applying,  wash  off  with  soap  and  water. 

To  Keep  Milk  Sweet,  and  to  Make  Sour  Milk  Sweet.— 
Put  in  it  a  small  quantity  of  carbonate  of  magnesia. 

tTo  Cut  a  Circular  Hole  in  Glass. — Scratch  the  glass 
h  a  file  or  engraver's  tool,  the  desired  shape,  then  bend 
a  piece  of  wire  the  same  shape,  heat  it  red  hot  and  lay  it 
on  the  scratch;  then  lay  the  glass  on  the  surface  of  water 
in  a  vessel ;  immerse  so  as  to  let  the  water  come  up  to  the 
glass  and  it  will  usually  break  at  the  place  where  the  wire  is. 

To  Preserve  Iron  from  Rust. — Make  a  paste  of  linseed 
oil  and  whiting,  and  apply. 


Facts  for  Builders 


One  thousand  shingles  laid  4  inches  to  the  weather  will 
cover  100  square  feet  of  surface,  and  5  pounds  of  nails  will 
fasten  them  on. 


SECRETS  REVEALED 

One-fifth  more  of  siding',  or  flooring,  is  needed  than  the 
number  of  square  feet  of  surface  to  be  covered,  because  of 
the  lap. 

Two  bushels  of  sand  to  one  of  cement  will  cover  a  space 
o'o  square  yards,  one  inch  thick. 

Oil  for  lubricating  delicate  machinery,  and  that  will  not 
gum,  may  be  made  as  follows:  Take  equal  parts  each  of 
zinc  and  lead  shavings,  and  put  into  good  Florence  olive 
oil,  and  put  in  a  cool  place  until  the  oil  is  colorless,  and  it 
will  be  ready  for  use. 

A  spoonful  of  ox  gall  in  a  gallon  of  water  will  set  the 
color  of  any  fabric. 

To  Render  Leather  Waterproof.  —  Boiled  linseed  oil,  1G 
parts;  spirits  of  turpentine,  4  parts;  beeswax,  1  part,  and 
1  part  of  resin,  melted,  and  used  hot. 

To  Make  Ice.  —  Nearly  fill  a  gallon  stone  jar  with  hot 
spring  water  (leaving  room  for  about  a  pint),  and  put  in 
two  ounces  of  refined  nitre;  the  bottle  must  then  be  stopped 
closely,  making  it  air-tight,  then  let  it  down  into  a  deep 
well.  In  about  four  hours  it  will  be  frozen,  but  the  bottle 
must  be  broken  to  obtain  the  ice.  However,  if  a  vessel  be 
used  that  has  a  larger  mouth  than  bottom,  and  tapers,  the 
ice  can  be  removed  by  applying  heat,  and  the  vessel  can 
be  used  again.  The  process  can  be  hastened  by  raising  the 
vessel  up  and  down  in  the  water. 

Incombustible  Cloth.  —  Dissolve  one  part  of  sal  ammonia 
in  four  parts  of  water,  and  soak  the  fabric  in  the  solution. 

If  in  doubt  regarding  the  nature  of  mushrooms,  sprinkle 
a  little  salt  on  the  under  side,  and  if  they  are  poisonous 
they  will  turn  yellow;  if  not,  they  will  turn  black. 

To  Destroy  Files.  —  One  drachm  each  of  powdered  black 
pepper  and  brown  sugar,  and  two  drachms  of  milk  or 
cream.  Mix  and  place  in  a  saucer. 


To  Heal  tini'ise*  on  Trees.  —  Make  a  preparation  of  two 
parts  of  tar  to  one  part  of  brick  dust,  and  apply. 

To  Polish  Wood.  —  Take  a  piece  of  pumice  stone  and 
water  and  pass  over  the  work  until  the  rising  of  the  grain 
is  cut  down,  then  take  powdered  tripoli  and  boiled  linseed 
oil  and  polish  to  a  bright  finish. 


USEFUL  INFORMATION  .").") 

To  Make  Soft  Soap. — Take  ten  pounds  of  potash  and 
soak  in  ten  gallons  of  hot  water  until  dissolved,  then  add 
six  pounds  of  grease  and  boil;  put  in  a  barrel  and  add 
fifteen  gallons  of  water. 

To  Waterproof  Cloth. — Take  fifteen  parts  of  boiled  lin- 
seed oil  and  three  quarts  of  ground  litharge,  and  one  part 
of  beeswax.  Mix,  and  apply  to  the  fabric  with  a  brush. 
Stretch  the  cloth  on  a  frame  before  applying. 

To  Make  Good  Black  Ink. — Boil  one  pound  of  logwood 
chips  in  one  and  one-half  gallons  of  water  until  reduced 
to  two  quarts;  pour  off,  and  then  put  in  one  and  one-half 
gallons  of  water  on  the  chips  and  boil  as  before,  which  will 
make  one  gallon  in  all ;  mix  the  two  liquids  and  add  one- 
half  ounce  of  bichromate  of  potash,  and  one-quarter  of  an 
ounce  of  prussiate  of  potash,  and  one-half  ounce  of  prus- 
sian  blue;  boil  again,  strain  and  bottle. 

To  Make  Good  Red  Ink. — Take  an  ounce  vial  and  put 
into  it  a  teaspoonful  of  ammonia,  and  gum  arabic  about 
the  size  of  a  bean;  then  add  six  grains  of  number  40  car- 
mine, and  five  grains  of  number  8  carmine,  fill  up  with  soft 
water  and  it  will  soon  be  ready  for  use. 

To  Make  Russian  Cement,  for  Mending  Crockery,  Glass- 
iccire,  Etc. — Dissolve  pure  Russian  isinglass  in  soft  water, 
which  will  require  about  twelve  hours.  When  it  has  soft- 
ened, put  on  the  stove  and  boil  to  the  right  consistency. 
Use  a  double  vessel  to  prevent  burning. 

Paste  for  Labels  on  Tin. — One  cup  of  water  to  three 
tablespoonfuls  of  flour,  to  which  add  two  tablespoonfuls  of 
molasses,  then  boil. 

Rat  Poison. — Mix  two  ounces  of  carbonate  of  barytes 
with  one  pound  of  lard  or  grease,  and  spread  thickly  on 
bread,  then  put  near  their  holes;  water  should  be  put 
nearby,  as  it  hastens  the  action  of  the  poison,  and  the  car- 
casses can  be  recovered. 

A  Good  ]VIiitcirash  for  Rooms. — Soak  two  ounces  of 
glue  in  water  overnight,  then  mix  four  pounds  of  whiting 
in  cold  water;  heat  the  glue  until  dissolved,  and  pour  into 
the  solution  while  hot;  after  mixing  well,  add  sufficient 
water  to  work  easily  with  a  brush,  and  apply. 


REVEALED 


Stucco  Whiteirufih. — Slack  one-half  bushel  of  lime  with 
hoi  ling'  wator,  and  covor  the  vessel  for  a  few  moments  until 
well  slacked;  dissolve  one  peek  of  salt  in  water  and  add  to 
the  lime,  then  add  three  pounds  of  rice  boiled  to  a  thin 
paste,  and  pour  in  hot,  stirring  all  the  time;  then  add  one- 
half  pound  of  Spanish  whiting,  and  one  pound  of  glue  that 
has  been  well  dissolved;  then  add  five  gallons  of  hot  water, 
cover  the  vessel  and  let  stand  for  a  few  days.  This  will 
last  for  years,  and  is  well  worth  the  trouble  of  preparing. 

To  Preserre  Eggs.— Make  a  solution  of  water  glass  and 
submerge  the  eggs  in  it. 

Another  preservative  is  to  take  three  gallons  of  water 
and  add  five  pounds  of  fresh  slacked  lime  and  one-half  as 
much  salt;  stir  until  mixed,  and  put  the  eggs  in  carefully 
so  as  not  to  crack  the  shells. 

It  is  claimed  that  if  the  small  end  of  an  egg  is  full  of 
wrinkles  it  will  produce  a  male;  if  smooth,  a  female. 

If  one  teaspoonful  of  cayenne  pepper  be  put  in  the  food 
for  about  twelve  hens,  it  will  increase  the  egg  production. 

Egg  Omelette. — Three  eggs,  one  tablespoonful  of  flour 
and  one  cup  of  milk;  beat  the  eggs  and  flour  together,  then 
stir  in  the  milk;  fry  with  butter;  for  a  larger  quantity,  add 
a  little  salt. 

To  lice/con  tin-  (lost  of  Coal,  Etc. — Multiply  the  number 
of  pounds  by  one-half  the  price  per  ton,  and  point  off  three 
places  to  the  left. 

To  Measure  (iraht. — Level  the  grain,  then  multiply  the 
length,  width  and  depth  together,  and  the  product  by  8,  and 
point  off  one  place  to  the  left. 

To  Write  on  Eggs.  Immerse  the  egg  in  melted  wax 
and  write  on  it  with  any  pointed  instrument,  then  apply 
to  the  writing  vinegar,  or  diluted  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
wash  off. 


Required  per  Acre 

4  ft.  apart  each  way, 

5  ft.  apart  each  way, 


.  , 
way,  1,742 


X umber  of  Trees 
15  ft.  apart  each  way,  200 
18  ft.  apart  each  way,  i:>5 
:20  ft.  apart  each  way,  110 

25  ft.  apart  each  way,    70  8  ft.  apart  each  way,      080 

.">0  ft.  apart  each  way,    50  10  ft,  apart  each  way,     430 

.">.'»  ft.  apart  each  way,    40  12  ft,  apart  each  way,     .°>25 


L.  apari  eacn  way,     , 
(5  ft.  apart  each  way,  1,200 
ft.  apart  each  way,     f>80 


USEFUL  INFORMATION  57 

Panes  of  glass  may  he  easily  removed  by  applying  a 
little  soft  soap. 

Do  not  let  pearl  or  ivory  handled  knives  touch  the  water 
when  cleaning  them,  as  this  is  the  cause  of  their  cracking. 

About  500  cubic  feet  of  settled  hay  will  make  a  ton,  and 
700  cubic  feet  of  loose  hay. 

The  deepest  hole  ever  bored  in  the  earth  is  at  Potsdam, 
which  is  5,500  feet  in  depth. 

The  flight  of  wild  ducks  is  estimated  at  90  miles  an 
hour;  of  the  swift,  200  miles;  the  carrier  pigeon,  40;  the 
swallow,  60,  and  the  migratory  birds  in  crossing  the  ocean, 
at  120  miles  an  hour. 

In  northern  Siberia  the  ground  is  frozen  to  a  depth  of 
660  feet  and  thaws  to  a  depth  of  but  3  or  4  feet  in  summer. 
Below  660  feet,  internal  heat  begins. 

To  Write  on  Glass. — Cover  the  glass  with  beeswax  or 
soap,  and  write  whatever  is  desired  on  the  covered  surface 
with  any  pointed  tool,  then  apply  hydrofluoric  acid  along 
the  design,  and  the  marks  will  remain  indelibly  stamped  on 
the  surface  of  the  glass. 

A  ton  of  pure  gold  is  valued  at  $692,799.21.    The  weight 
a  million  dollars  of  gold  coin  is  3,685.8  pounds. 

A  ton  of  pure  silver  is  valued  at  $37,704.84.  The  weight 
of  a  million  dollars  in  silver  coin  is  58,929.9  pounds. 

Hoiv  to  Find  the,  Height  by  Measuring  the  Shadoic.— 
Measure  the  shadow  of  a  pole  standing  upright,  and  also 
the  shadow  of  the  desired  object;  then  multiply  the  length 
of  the  pole  by  the  length  of  the  shadow  of  the  object,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  length  of  the  shadow  of  the  pole. 

The  Effect  of  Changing  the  Evener  of  Double-trees.— 
Tn  moving  the  center  pin  of  an  evener  one  inch  toward  the 
end  pins  it  changes  the  draft  twice  as  much  as  it  does  to 
move  one  of  the  end  pins  one  inch  toward  the  center  pin. 
Or,  in  other  words,  moving  the  center  pin  changes  the  draft 
twice  as  much  as  changing  one  of  the  end  pins  or  clevises. 

If  the  center  pin  of  an  ordinary  evener,  which  is  42 
inches  in  length,  is  moved  one  inch  from  the  center  to  the 
right  or  left,  the  horse  pulling  on  the  sliort  end  will  draw 
one-twentieth  more  than  the  one  on  the  long  end.  If  one 
of  the  end  pins  is  moved  one  inch,  the  difference  will  be 
one-fortieth. 


- 


58  SECRETS  REVEALED 

The  draft  on  a  14-inch  plow  plowing  4  inches  deep  is 
about  1,000  pounds;  5  inches  dee]),  1,250  pounds;  6  inches 
deop,  1,500  pounds. 

To  Tonic  a  Horse. — Take  finely  grated  horse  castor, 
oils  of  cumin  and  rhodium;  keep  in  separate  bottles  well 
corked.  Put  some  of  the  cumin  on  your  hand  and  ap- 
proach the  horse  on  the  windy  side.  When  he  comes  toward 
you,  rub  some  of  the  cumin  on  his  nose  and  give  him 
some  of  the  castor  on  anything  he  is  fond  of,  and  put  some 
of  the  rhodium  on  his  tongue.  A  timid  horse  should  lxk 
handled  very  carefully;  much  patience  is  necessary  in  order 
to  gain  his  confidence.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  confine  him  in 
an  enclosure,  take  a  whip,  and  when  he  turns  his  rump 
toward  you,  snap  it  at  his  heels,  but  desist  as  soon  as  he 
turns  his  head  toward  you. 

To  Cure  Horses  of  Jumping  Fences. — The  writer  ,once 
owned  a  valuable  colt  which  nothing  would  cure  of  break- 
ing down  and  jumping  fences,  which  often  injured  him. 
Everything  was  tried  until  one  day,  in  speaking  of  it  to  an 
old  horseman,  he  recommended  the  following  method,  which 
was  tried  and  worked  successfully:  Pass  a  strong  surcingle 
about  the  horse's  body  just  back  of  the  fore  legs,  and  run 
a  long  halter  strap  from  his  head  in  between  his  legs  and 
beneath  the  surcingle  back  to  one  of  his  hind  feet,  to  which 
fasten,  using  a  broad  strap  about  his  ankle.  The  strap 
should  be  changed  occasionally  to  tlie  other  foot  to  avoid 
chafing. 

To  Cure  a  Horse  of  Pulling  at  the  Halter. — Take  a 
small  rope  and  pass  it  under  his  tail,  and  carry  the  two 
ends  forward,  crossing  them  on  his  back,  and  tie  in  front 
of  his  chest.  Run  the  halter  strap  through  the  hole,  or 
ring,  in  the  manger  and  tie  to  the  rope  in  front.  He  won't 
pull  back  many  times  after  he  discovers  it  is  self-punish- 
ment. 

To  Prevent  a  Horse  Kicking  in  the  Stall. — Fasten  a 
small  chain  about  two  feet  long  to  each  hind  foot,  and  lie 
will  soon  be  cured  of  his  kicking. 

To  Cure  a  Horse  of  Ball-ing. — Take  him  out  of  the  rig 
and  whirl  him  around  in  a  short  circle  a  number  of  times 
as  fast  as  possible.  It  usually  takes  two  men  to  do  this, 
one  to  use  a  whip  on  him  and  keep  him  going. 


tlsBPUL  INFORMATION  59 

Cure  for  Harness  Galls. — White  lead  and  linseed  oil 
mixed  as  for  paint,  and  applied  with  a  brush.  An  excellent 
remedy. 

Rary's  Liniment. — Four  ounces  each  of  sulphuric  ether, 
hartshorn,  oil  of  origanum,  alcohol,  and  sweet  oil.  Put  in 
a  bottle  and  shake  well  before  using.  In  cases  of  sprains, 
etc.,  rub  well  on  affected  parts,  and  then  wrap  with  flannel 
bandage. 

To  Produce  a  White  Spot  on  a  Horse. — Shave  off  the 
Jiair,  and  apply  oil  of  vitrol.  This  will  produce  an  inflam- 
mation, which  will  yield  to  an  application  of  a  weak  solu- 
tion of  copperas  water. 

To  Drive  Flies  from  a  Stable. — Scatter  chloride  of  lime 
the  floor. 

('it re  for  Colic. — Three  ounces  of  turpentine  and  one 
ounce  of  laudanum  mixed  in  one-half  pint  of  warm  water. 
If  not  relieved  in  one  hour,  repeat  the  dose,  adding  one- 
half  of  an  ounce  of  best  powdered  aloes  well  dissolved. 

Cure  for  Bots. — First  give  2  quarts  of  milk  and  1  quart 
of  molasses,  mixed;  then  1.5  minutes  after  give  warm  sage 
tea,  2  quarts:  30  minutes  after  give  3  pints  of  currier's 
oil,  or  enough  to  produce  a  physic.  If  the  oil  cannot  be 
obtained,  use  lard  with  3  or  4  ounces  of  salt  added. 

Cure  for  Bone  Spavin. — One  ounce  each  of  corrosive 
sublimate,  quicksilver,  and  iodine,  and  lard  enough  to  form 
a  paste.  Rub  the  quicksilver  and  iodine  together,  then  add 
the  sublimate,  then  the  lard,  and  mix  thoroughly.  Shave 
off  the  hair  the  size  of  the  bone  enlargement;  then  grease 
all  around  it,  but  not  where  the  hair  is  shaved  off;  this 
prevents  the  action  of  the  medicine,  except  upon  the 
spavin;  then  rub  in  as  much  of  the  salve  as  will  lie  upon  a 
ten-cent  piece,  each  morning  for  four  mornings.  In  about 
eight  days  the  spavin  should  come  out.  Wash  out  the  sore 
well  with  soapsuds,  and  apply  a  healing  salve,  which  will 
be  found  in  another  part  of  this  book. 


GO  SECRETS  REVEALED 

The  Nile  River,  in  Africa,  has  a  fall  of  but  6  inches  in 
every  1,000  miles.  Its  rise  begins  in  June,  and  continues 
to  the  middle  of  August,  attaining  an  elevation  of  26  feet, 
overflowing  the  valley  of  Egypt  12  miles  wide,  which  is  the 
cause  of  much  fever.  The  retirement  of  the  river  leaves  a 
deposit  of  about  four  inches  in  a  century,  and  encroaches 
on  the  sea  16  feet  each  year.  Bricks  have  been  found  at  a 
depth  of  60  feet,  which  shows  the  great  antiquity  of  the 
country.  The  soil  is  the  richest  in  the  world. 

The  Temple  of  Diana,  at  Ephesus,  was  425  feet  high 
and  225  feet  broad.  It  had  127  columns,  each  60  feet 
high,  to  support  the  roof.  It  was  200  years  in  building. 

The  largest  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids  is  540  feet  high, 
and  it  is  693  feet  on  the  sides.  Its  base  covers  11  acres. 
The  layers  of  stone  are  208  in  number,  many  of  them  being 
30  feet  long,  4  feet  broad  and  3  feet  thick. 

In  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at  Baalbec,  are  stones  more 
than  60  feet  long,  24  feet  thick  and  16  feet  broad.  Each 
one  contains  23,000  cubic  feet  and  no  one  knows  how  they 
were  transported  from  the  quarries. 

Six  of  the  enormous  columns  are  72  feet  high,  composed 
of  3  stones,  each  7  feet  in  diameter.  Sesostris  is  credited 
with  having  transported  from  the  mountains  of  Arabia  one 
rock  32  feet  wide  and  240  feet  long. 

During  modern  times  a  block  of  granite  weighing  1,217 
tons,  now  used  as  the  pedestal  of  the  equestrian  statue  of 
Peter  the  Great,  at  Petrograd,  was  transported  4  miles  by 
land  over  a  railway  and  13  miles  by  water. 

Waters  of  the  oceans,  seas,  etc.,  contain  more  organized 
beings  than  all  the  land. 

The  River  Po  carries  to  the  sea  every  day  a  quantity 
of  soil  which  can  be  imagined  when  we  consider  that  2,500 
years  ago  Adria  was  on  the  sea  shore,  and  at  its  mouth, 
while  todav  it  is  20  miles  from  the  sea. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


2Sep'49RC 


LD  21-100m-9,'48j[B399sl6)476 


Pamphlet 
Binder 

Gaylord  Bros.,  Inc. 

Makers 
Stockton,  Calif. 

PAT.  JAN.  21,  1908 


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